Host-specificity of myxoma virus: Pathogenesis of South American and North American strains of myxoma virus in two North American lagomorph species

Silvers, L.; Barnard, Dale L.; Knowlton, Frederick F.; Inglis, Barbara; Labudovic, A.; Holland, Michael; Janssens, P.A.; Leeuwen, B. H. van; Kerr, Peter J.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.031

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Two species of North American cottontails, S. audubonii and S. nuttalli , were susceptible to experimental infection with MYXV and efficient sources of virus for mosquito transmission [ 54 ]. The distribution of S. audubonii overlaps with S. bachmani but this species does not support transmission of Cal MYXV with virus infection inducing a rapid and intense T cell response at the inoculation site [ 12 , 58 ]. In addition, European hares and mountain hares ( Lepus timidus ) can occasionally be infected, naturally or experimentally, with MYXV but are generally refractory [ 8 , 43 , 44 , 52 ].…”

Section: Myxv and The Leporipoxvirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myxoma Virus and the Leporipoxviruses: An Evolutionary Paradigm

Kerr

Liu

Cattadori

et al. 2015

Viruses

100

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Myxoma virus (MYXV) is the type species of the Leporipoxviruses, a genus of Chordopoxvirinae, double stranded DNA viruses, whose members infect leporids and squirrels, inducing cutaneous fibromas from which virus is mechanically transmitted by biting arthropods. However, in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), MYXV causes the lethal disease myxomatosis. The release of MYXV as a biological control for the wild European rabbit population in Australia, initiated one of the great experiments in evolution. The subsequent coevolution of MYXV and rabbits is a classic example of natural selection acting on virulence as a pathogen adapts to a novel host species. Slightly attenuated mutants of the progenitor virus were more readily transmitted by the mosquito vector because the infected rabbit survived longer, while highly attenuated viruses could be controlled by the rabbit immune response. As a consequence, moderately attenuated viruses came to dominate. This evolution of the virus was accompanied by selection for genetic resistance in the wild rabbit population, which may have created an ongoing co-evolutionary dynamic between resistance and virulence for efficient transmission. This natural experiment was repeated on a continental scale with the release of a separate strain of MYXV in France and its subsequent spread throughout Europe. The selection of attenuated strains of virus and resistant rabbits mirrored the experience in Australia in a very different environment, albeit with somewhat different rates. Genome sequencing of the progenitor virus and the early radiation, as well as those from the 1990s in Australia and Europe, has shown that although MYXV evolved at high rates there was no conserved route to attenuation or back to virulence. In contrast, it seems that these relatively large viral genomes have the flexibility for multiple pathways that converge on a similar phenotype.

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Section: Myxv and The Leporipoxvirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myxoma Virus and the Leporipoxviruses: An Evolutionary Paradigm

Kerr

Liu

Cattadori

et al. 2015

Viruses

100

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“…Oprócz królików i zająca szaraka (Lepus europaeus), MYXV nie jest patogenny dla innych gatunków zwierząt (5,56,70). Wirus nie jest również chorobotwórczy dla ludzi, chociaż wykazuje tropizm i właściwości onkolityczne w stosunku do wielu linii komórek nowotworowych człowieka (17,64,74).…”

Section: Patogeneza Zakażenia I Postacie Chorobyunclassified

Myxomatosis, a continually dangerous viral disease of rabbits: current state of knowledge

Kwit¹,

Bigoraj²,

Rzeżutka³

2018

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Myxomatosis is a highly infectious viral disease of rabbits. Myxoma virus (MYXV) is not pathogenic to other animal species except for rabbits and hares. In Poland, outbreaks of myxomatosis mainly occur on small-scale size rabbit farms in which specific immunoprophylaxis is not carried out. A typical nodular form of the disease is characterized by swelling and large myxomas over the whole body as well as by lung infection which is associated with atypical myxomatosis. However, differences in the virulence of MYXV strains are observed. They arise from a better adaptation of the virus to the rabbit host and they may also be related to the modulation of cellular response by infected animals. In fact, the changes observed in the MYXV genome do not result in the emergence of other novel virus strains than those currently circulating in the rabbit population. In addition, all previously detected strains are characterized by high phylogenetic relatedness..

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“…Cytokine synergy might also play a key role in determining the species tropism of certain viruses. For example, MYXV, which is currently under investigation in our lab as a potential oncolytic agent for the treatment of a variety of human malignancies [31][32][33][34][35][36][37], is highly infectious in rabbits [38] but is unable to replicate or cause pathology in vivo in any known non-rabbit species [38,39]. In cultured primary murine fibroblasts this restriction is caused by the rapid induction of the canonical type-I IFN response [40].…”

Section: Looking Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine synergy: An underappreciated contributor to innate anti-viral immunity

Bartee

McFadden

2013

Cytokine

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Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor and the members of the interferon family, are potent mediators of the innate anti-viral immune response. The intracellular anti-viral states resulting from treatment of cultured cells with each of these molecules independently has been well studied; but, within complex tissues, the early inflammatory response is likely mediated by simultaneously expressed mixures of these, and other, protective anti-viral cytokines. Such cytokine mixtures have been shown to induce potently synergistic anti-viral responses in vitro which are more complex than the simple summation of the individual cytokine response profiles. The physiological role of this ‘cytokine synergy’, however, remains largely unappreciated in vivo. This brief commentary will attempt to summarize the potential effects and mechanisms of anti-viral cytokine synergy as well as present several ‘real-world’ applications where this phenomenon might play an important role.

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Host-specificity of myxoma virus: Pathogenesis of South American and North American strains of myxoma virus in two North American lagomorph species

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Myxoma Virus and the Leporipoxviruses: An Evolutionary Paradigm

Myxoma Virus and the Leporipoxviruses: An Evolutionary Paradigm

Myxomatosis, a continually dangerous viral disease of rabbits: current state of knowledge

Cytokine synergy: An underappreciated contributor to innate anti-viral immunity

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