“…Although only the flow stress of 42CrMo is used to validate and compare the prediction accuracy, its testing results are representative and typical for the hot deformation behaviour of most metals. In the published literature, most metallic materials, such as steel [2,33,[35][36][37], aluminium alloys [38][39][40][41][42], magnesium alloys [43][44][45], titanium alloys [46][47][48][49], superalloys [50][51][52][53], are similar in flow stress curves and variation trends under tension [39,54], compression [55,56] and torsion [2,57] at hot deformation when DRX occurs. The typical representation of the hot deformation behaviour of metals at a certain temperature and strain rate can be summarised in Fig.…”