Hot Electron-Induced Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Suomi, Johanna; Kulmala, Sakari

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9672-5_3

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…As a second example, both aqueous and nonaqueous reactions of excess electrons ejected from a submerged oxide-coated cathode can be studied by means of cathodic hot electron-induced electrogenerated chemiluminescence, a relatively novel technique, reviewed in Ref. 172. In order to measure excess electrons generated before or during voltageinduced plasma formation in the liquid phase, the most appropriate and unambiguous procedures will probably exert a time-resolved optical detection method synchronized to the applied voltage pulse.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma physics of liquids—A focused review

Vanraes

Bogaerts

2018

Applied Physics Reviews

181

118

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The interaction of plasma with liquids has led to various established industrial implementations as well as promising applications, including high-voltage switching, chemical analysis, nanomaterial synthesis, and plasma medicine. Along with these numerous accomplishments, the physics of plasma in liquid or in contact with a liquid surface has emerged as a bipartite research field, for which we introduce here the term "plasma physics of liquids." Despite the intensive research investments during the recent decennia, this field is plagued by some controversies and gaps in knowledge, which might restrict further progress. The main difficulties in understanding revolve around the basic mechanisms of plasma initiation in the liquid phase and the electrical interactions at a plasma-liquid interface, which require an interdisciplinary approach. This review aims to provide the wide applied physics community with a general overview of the field, as well as the opportunities for interdisciplinary research on topics, such as nanobubbles and the floating water bridge, and involving the research domains of amorphous semiconductors, solid state physics, thermodynamics, material science, analytical chemistry, electrochemistry, and molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, we provoke awareness of experts in the field on yet underappreciated question marks. Accordingly, a strategy for future experimental and simulation work is proposed.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma physics of liquids—A focused review

Vanraes

Bogaerts

2018

Applied Physics Reviews

181

118

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“…On the basis of our present experiments FITC and probably many other organic luminophores [10] can be used as labels in practical immunoassays, when the low cost of assays is important. Then the time-resolved measurement system can be omitted, and hand-held instruments can be constructed to be very simple and less expensive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…In HECL applications, the electrode chip and cell geometry and supporting electrolyte concentration dictate the usable and optimal cell voltage and current parameters. In immunoassays, the HECL method is surface area-sensitive, and also somewhat volume-sensitive in the detection step, since (i) the working electrode area determines how much immunocomplexes/other type of bio complexes can be collected on the working electrode surface, and (ii) the primary radicals can enter the solution only for about some tens of nm, or for about 200 nm at maximum [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two major excitation routes: one usually being clearly dominant, and sometimes both excitation routes are almost equally significant, mostly depending on the lifetime and the redox properties of all the radical species involved in the system in aqueous solution. Label luminophores can first be one-electron reduced by a presolvated hot or hydrated electron to a corresponding radical species (Equation (1)) and then the formed luminophore anion radical is one-electron oxidized back to its original oxidation state by a strong one-electron oxidant leaving the luminophore in its excited state (Equation (2)) [10]. L+e−→L•− L•−+Ox•→L*+Ox− or alternatively, the luminophore is first one-electron oxidized to a radical species (Equation (3)) and then one-electron reduced by a hot presolvated electron or hydrated electron to its excited state (Equation (4)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunoassays Based on Hot Electron-Induced Electrochemiluminescence at Disposable Cell Chips with Printed Electrodes

Grönroos

Nur-E-Habiba

Salminen

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Novel hot electron-emitting working electrodes and conventional counter electrodes were created by screen printing. Thus, low-cost disposable electrode chips for bioaffinity assays were produced to replace our older expensive electrode chips manufactured by manufacturing techniques of electronics from silicon or on glass chips. The present chips were created by printing as follows: (i) silver lines provided the electronic contacts, counter electrode and the bottom of the working electrode and counter electrode, (ii) the composite layer was printed on appropriate parts of the silver layer, and (iii) finally a hydrophobic ring was added to produce the electrochemical cell boundaries. The applicability of these electrode chips in bioaffinity assays was demonstrated by an immunoassay of human C-reactive protein (i) using Tb(III) chelate label displaying long-lived hot electron-induced electrochemiluminescence (HECL) and (ii) now for the first time fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was utilized as an a low-cost organic label displaying a short-lived HECL in a real-world bioaffinity assay.

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“…Hot electron electrochemistry, which provides tools to work beyond the electrochemical window of water restricting the traditional electrochemistry aqueous solutions, has been explored already for quite a long time. The principles of utilizing hot and hydrated electrons in analytical applications have been earlier studied by using thin insulating filmcoated electrodes [1][2][3][4][5]. Semiconductor electrodes and thin-insulating oxide-coated electrodes are particularly attractive in this field because the electrons and holes can remain separated in energy in the conduction and valence band, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Particle-Doped Polymer Layers on Metals as Chemically and Mechanically Resistant Composite Electrodes for Hot Electron Electrochemistry

Nur-E-Habiba

Uddin

Salminen

et al. 2022

J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol

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This paper presents a simple and inexpensive method to fabricate chemically and mechanically resistant hot electron-emitting composite electrodes on reusable substrates. In this study, the hot electron emitting composite electrodes were manufactured by doping a polymer, nylon 6,6, with few different brands of carbon particles (graphite, carbon black) and by coating metal substrates with the aforementioned composite ink layers with different carbon-polymer mass fractions. The optimal mass fractions in these composite layers allowed to fabricate composite electrodes that can inject hot electrons into aqueous electrolyte solutions and clearly generate hot electron-induced electrochemiluminescence (HECL). An aromatic terbium (III) chelate was used as a probe that is known not to be excited on the basis of traditional electrochemistry but to be efficiently electrically excited in the presence of hydrated electrons and during injection of hot electrons into aqueous solution. Thus, the presence of hot, pre-hydrated or hydrated electrons at the close vicinity of the composite electrode surface were monitored by HECL. The study shows that the extreme pH conditions could not damage the present composite electrodes. These low-cost, simplified and robust composite electrodes thus demonstrate that they can be used in HECL bioaffinity assays and other applications of hot electron electrochemistry.

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Hot Electron-Induced Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Cited by 10 publications

References 81 publications

Plasma physics of liquids—A focused review

Plasma physics of liquids—A focused review

Immunoassays Based on Hot Electron-Induced Electrochemiluminescence at Disposable Cell Chips with Printed Electrodes

Carbon Particle-Doped Polymer Layers on Metals as Chemically and Mechanically Resistant Composite Electrodes for Hot Electron Electrochemistry

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