Hot Press as a Sustainable Direct Recycling Technique of Aluminium: Mechanical Properties and Surface Integrity

Yusuf, Nur Kamilah; Lajis, Mohd Amri; Ahmad, Aini

doi:10.3390/ma10080902

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Figure 8 shows that the density has significantly increased from the lowest parameters, 60 min and 430 °C, to highest parameters, 120 min and 530 °C. Compared to the previous study by Yusuf [ 47 ], in our study the reinforcement particle increased the composite density 1.28% higher. The void-filling activities had enhanced the composite density.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…The increase from 71.36 to 86.66 HV 0.3 confirms that the temperature and holding time increase yielded better composite hardness. Previously, Yusuf et al [ 20 ] recorded a hardness of 81.74 HV 0.3 when aluminum chips were pressed at 530 °C with a 120-min holding time [ 47 ]. The increase of 6.02% is mostly due to the presence of Al 2 O 3 particles which reinforce and strengthen the matrix and therefore increase the hardness value.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Role of Processing Parameters in Producing Recycled Aluminum AA6061 Based Metal Matrix Composite (MMC-AlR) Prepared Using Hot Press Forging (HPF) Process

2017

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Solid-state recycling, which involves the direct recycling of scrap metal into bulk material using severe plastic deformation, has emerged as a potential alternative to the conventional remelting and recycling techniques. Hot press forging has been identified as a sustainable direct recycling technique that has fewer steps and maintains excellent material performance. An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the hardness and density of a recycled aluminum-based metal matrix composite by varying operating temperature and holding time. A mixture of recycled aluminum, AA6061, and aluminum oxide were simultaneously heated to 430, 480, and 530 • C and forged for 60, 90, and 120 min. We found a positive increase in microhardness and density for all composites. The hardness increased approximately 33.85%, while density improved by about 15.25% whenever the temperature or the holding time were increased. Based on qualitative analysis, the composite endures substantial plastic deformation due to the presence of hardness properties due to the aluminum oxide embedded in the aluminum matrix. These increases were significantly affected by the operating temperature; the holding time also had a subordinate role in enhancing the metal matrix composite properties. Furthermore, in an effort to curb the shortage of primary resources, this study reviewed the promising performance of secondary resources produced by using recycled aluminum and aluminum oxide as the base matrix and reinforcement constituent, respectively. This study is an outline for machining practitioners and the manufacturing industry to help increase industry sustainability with the aim of preserving the Earth for our community in the future.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 78%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Role of Processing Parameters in Producing Recycled Aluminum AA6061 Based Metal Matrix Composite (MMC-AlR) Prepared Using Hot Press Forging (HPF) Process

2017

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“…The powder material for the matrix is produced and prepared using the recycling method from automotive component waste and beverage can package waste. The process of melting waste material uses an electric induction furnace at 700-800 0 C, and the liquid material is poured into a billet-shaped mould [36]. Afterwards, the billet products are machined by lathe and chips is crushed using a ball mill machine, and the next process is aluminium powder is sieved (mesh).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of aluminium matrix composite of Al-ZnSiFeCuMg alloy reinforced with silica sand tailings particles

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et al. 2020

JMES

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Due to the increased demand for aluminium and the prohibitive cost of producing primary aluminium, the process of making AMCs using recycled aluminium alloy as a matrix and silica sand tailing without leaching as a filler is essential to be developed. For more cost-effective, the purpose of this study is to make particulate aluminium composite matrix AMCs with a matrix of recycled aluminium and reinforced with silica sand tailing without leaching. This research involves the effect of differences in grain size and filler weight percentage on matrix Al-ZnSiFeCuMg recycled aluminium alloy powder. This study used powder metallurgy technology as well as two-way hot-compaction (300°C) and applied a sintering temperature of 550°C. Density, hardness, and wear testing, as well as microstructure analysis, were conducted to determine the characteristics of the resulting AMCs. An increase in hardness of 67% was achieved by the AMCs-164 µm-20%SiO2 specimen, which used a filler grain size of 164 µm wt.20%. Meanwhile, AMCs-31 µm-20%SiO2, which used a filler grain size of 31 µm, only increased by 63%. The wear test result also showed a lower wear rate achieved by the AMCs-164 µm-20%SiO2 specimen. The results analyses using SEM-EDS instruments showed higher agglomeration and porosity in specimens using a filler grain size of 31 µm, while AMCs using a filler grain size of 164 µm showed an even spread of filler powder. Therefore, AMCs that used 164 µm powder-sized fillers have a stronger bond between the filler and the matrix and produce AMCs that are harder than AMCs that use 31 µm fillers.

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“…More waste generation was observed than from conventional recycling (melting), and it was also reported that primary aluminium is depleted and other resources should be utilized as alternative materials. Briefly, the hot press forging (HPF) process has been acknowledged as a promising metal forming technique that not only protects the environment but also prevents the generation of new waste [ 4 ]. Despite prior evidence that secondary aluminium production could attain superior mechanical properties, it still cannot surpass primary aluminium performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjectured the Behaviour of a Recycled Metal Matrix Composite (MMC–AlR) Developed through Hot Press Forging by Means of 3D FEM Simulation

et al. 2018

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Melting aluminium waste to produce a secondary bulk material is such an energy-intensive recycling technique that it also indirectly threatens the environment. Hot press forging is introduced as an alternative. Mixing the waste with another substance is a proven practice that enhances the material integrity. To cope with the technology revolution, a finite element is utilised to predict the behaviour without a practical trial. Utilising commercial software, DEFORM 3D, the conjectures were demonstrated scientifically. The flow stress of the material was modified to suit the material used in the actual experiment. It is acknowledged that the stress–strain had gradually increased in each step. Due to the confined forming space, the temperature decreased by ~0.5% because the heat could not simply vacate the area. A reduction of ~10% of the flesh observed in the simulation is roughly the same as in the actual experiment. Above all, the simulation abides by the standards and follows what has been done previously. Through the finite element utilisation, this study forecasted the performance of the recycled composite. The results presented may facilitate improvement of the recycling issue and conserve the environment for a better future.

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Hot Press as a Sustainable Direct Recycling Technique of Aluminium: Mechanical Properties and Surface Integrity

Cited by 41 publications

References 41 publications

On the Role of Processing Parameters in Producing Recycled Aluminum AA6061 Based Metal Matrix Composite (MMC-AlR) Prepared Using Hot Press Forging (HPF) Process

On the Role of Processing Parameters in Producing Recycled Aluminum AA6061 Based Metal Matrix Composite (MMC-AlR) Prepared Using Hot Press Forging (HPF) Process

Characterization of aluminium matrix composite of Al-ZnSiFeCuMg alloy reinforced with silica sand tailings particles

Conjectured the Behaviour of a Recycled Metal Matrix Composite (MMC–AlR) Developed through Hot Press Forging by Means of 3D FEM Simulation

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