House dust mites possess a polymorphic, single domain putative peptidoglycan <scp>d</scp>,<scp>l</scp> endopeptidase belonging to the NlpC/P60 Superfamily

Tang, Vivian; Stewart, Geoffrey A.; Chang, Barbara J.

doi:10.1016/j.fob.2015.09.004

Cited by 8 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The possibility of a lateral gene transfer of a mite gene and its variants to microbial endosymbionts is consistent with our previous data [8] and the phylogenetic data presented in this study showing that mite LytFM homologues form a monophyletic group with an evolutionary link to one or more prokaryotic endosymbionts. Similar phenomena involving an arthropod [16] and humans [14,15] and their microbial endosymbionts have been reported.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…6), indicating a possible lateral gene transfer of lytFM and its variants from D. pteronyssinus to its endosymbiotic microbes. In addition, consistent with the previous analysis [8], the mite LytFM homologues were most closely related to those of some of the actinomycetes and shared a common ancestor with both the actinomycetes and ascomycetes.…”

Section: Acquisition Of Lytfm and Its Variants By The Three Hdm-assocsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Similarly, the LytFM protein was found to be present in the culture supernatants from only these three bacterial species as judged by MS (stationary-phase samples) and by ELISA (death-phase samples). With regard to the PCR studies, only the originally described LytFM variant [7] was distinguished in the bacterial extracts, in contrast to the detection of this and the other two variants distinguished in other molecular studies [8]. However, MS detected peptides from all the three possible variants thus far described.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Similar phenomena involving an arthropod [16] and humans [14,15] and their microbial endosymbionts have been reported. Transposons, direct or indirect repeats were not detected in the 5 0 and 3 0 flanking sequence of lytFM in a D. pteronyssinus genomic DNA library [8], suggesting no involvement of mobile genetic elements such as transposons [14][15][16] in the cross-kingdom gene transfer. However, lateral gene transfer between two microbes within the HDM might also be facilitated by plasmid transfer [36], which has been reported to occur between Bacillus strains [37] and between Bacillus species and S. aureus [37,38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four potential peptide candidates were identified ( Fig. S4) [22], namely MKFFFTLALFCTLAISQVYC (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), SWGGGGIHG KSRGIGEGANT (38-57), PHTGTKVREENIGGD (127-141) and GQYSDPKCHHVAYGSHQPGD (84-103). Peptides GQYSDPKCHHVAYGSHQPGD (84-103) and PHTGTKVREENIGGD (127-141) were chosen on the basis of minimal sequence identity with known NlpC/P60 proteins based on a 2010 BLAST search.…”

Section: Preparation Of Rabbit Polyclonal Anti-peptide Antisera Againmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus lytFM encoding an NlpC/P60 endopeptidase is also present in mite‐associated bacteria that express LytFM variants

2017

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The bodies and faecal pellets of the house dust mite ( HDM ), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus , are the source of many allergenic and nonallergenic proteins. One of these, the 14‐ kD a bacteriolytic enzyme Lyt FM , originally isolated from the spent HDM growth medium, may contribute to bacteriolytic activity previously detected by zymography at 14 kD a in the culture supernatants of some bacterial species isolated from surface‐sterilised HDM . Based on previously reported findings of lateral gene transfer between microbes and their eukaryotic hosts, we investigated the presence of lyt FM in the genomes of nine Gram‐positive bacteria from surface‐sterilised HDM , and the expression by these isolates of Lyt FM and its variants Lyt FM 1/Lyt FM 2. The lyt FM gene was detected by PCR in the genomes of three of the isolates: Bacillus licheniformis strain 1, B. licheniformis strain 2 and Staphylococcus aureus . Expression of the variant Lyt FM 1 was detected in culture supernatants of these bacteria by mass spectrometry ( MS ) and ELISA , and the bacterial Lyt FM proteins were shown by zymography to be able to hydrolyse peptidoglycan. Our previous reports of Lyt FM homologues in other mite species and their phylogenetic analysis had suggested that they originated from a common mite ancestor. The phylogenetic analysis reported herein and the detection of other D. pteronyssinus proteins by MS in the culture supernatants of the three isolates that secreted Lyt FM 1 further support the hypothesis of lateral gene transfer to the bacterial endosymbionts from their HDM host. The complete sequence homology observed between the genes amplified from the microbes and those in their eukaryotic host indicated that the lateral gene transfer was an event that occurred recently.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Acquisition Of Lytfm and Its Variants By The Three Hdm-assocsupporting

confidence: 89%