Household air pollution and personal inhalation exposure to particles (TSP/PM2.5/PM1.0/PM0.25) in rural Shanxi, North China

Huang, Ye; Du, Wei; Chen, Yuanchen; Shen, Guofeng; Su, Shu; Lin, Nan; Shen, Huizhong; Zhu, Dan; Yuan, Chenyi; Duan, Yonghong; Liu, Junfeng; Li, Bengang; Tao, Shu

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.063

Cited by 56 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…After excluding the interference of the high PM 2.5 concentration in kitchens (only households where LPG was the main cooking fuel during monitoring were analyzed here), the results reveal that the daily average PM 2.5 exposure levels of smokers and passive smokers were about 61 μg/m 3 (SD 7) and 62 μg/m 3 (SD 31), respectively, both somewhat higher than that of non‐smokers, which was 48 μg/m 3 (SD 27) ( P = 0.130 and P = 0.128, respectively). This is consistent with previous studies . The variance of levels of personal exposure among smokers was smaller, stemming from the fact that the sample included only a few smokers, which might have affected the result.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This is consistent with previous studies. 20,56 The variance of levels of personal exposure among smokers was smaller, stemming from the fact that the sample included only a few smokers, which might have affected the result. People who were not exposed to tobacco smoke in their daily lives were less likely to be affected by PM 2.5 .…”

Section: Daily Average Personal Pm 25 Exposure Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Personal exposure to PM _2.5 in Chinese rural households in the Yangtze River Delta

Aunan

Zhao

et al. 2019

Indoor Air

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High levels of PM2.5 exposure and associated health risks are of great concern in rural China. For this study, we used portable PM2.5 monitors for monitoring concentrations online, recorded personal time‐activity patterns, and analyzed the contribution from different microenvironments in rural areas of the Yangtze River Delta, China. The daily exposure levels of rural participants were 66 μg/m3 (SD 40) in winter and 65 μg/m3 (SD 16) in summer. Indoor exposure levels were usually higher than outdoor levels. The exposure levels during cooking in rural kitchens were 140 μg/m3 (SD 116) in winter and 121 μg/m3 (SD 70) in summer, the highest in all microenvironments. Winter and summer values were 252 μg/m3 (SD 103) and 204 μg/m3 (SD 105), respectively, for rural people using biomass for fuel, much higher than those for rural people using LPG and electricity. By combining PM2.5concentrations and time spent in different microenvironments, we found that 92% (winter) and 85% (summer) of personal exposure to PM2.5in rural areas was attributable to indoor microenvironments, of which kitchens accounted for 24% and 27%, respectively. Consequently, more effective policies and measures are needed to replace biomass fuel with LPG or electricity, which would benefit the health of the rural population in China.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Daily Average Personal Pm 25 Exposure Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposure to PM _2.5 in Chinese rural households in the Yangtze River Delta

Aunan

Zhao

et al. 2019

Indoor Air

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“…After entering the 21st century, air pollution in China has transformed from coal-smoke pollution to combined pollution made up of coal-smoke and motor vehicle exhaust [18][19][20][21][22]. Its main characteristics are smog and photochemical smog occur frequently [23][24][25]; particulate pollution and organic pollution (contaminants in the environment that can be biodegraded by microorganisms) are aggravated [26][27][28]; the concentration of nitrogen dioxide is high (the 24-h average concentration exceeds the national standard limit of 80 µg/m 3 ) [29][30][31][32], while inhalable particles have become the most important contributor to poor air quality [33][34][35][36]. According to research of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, currently, the concentration of air pollutants (including PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO x , etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Air Quality and the Effect of Governance Policies in China’s Pearl River Delta, 2015–2018

Gao

Yang

et al. 2019

Atmosphere

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The evaluation of China’s air pollution and the effectiveness of its governance policies is currently a topic of general concern in the academic community. We have improved the traditional evaluation method to construct a comprehensive air quality assessment model based on China’s major air pollutants. Using the daily air pollutant data of 2015–2018, we calculated and analyzed the monthly air quality of nine cities in the Pearl River Delta of China, and conducted a comparative study on the effect of the air pollution control policies of the cities in the Pearl River Delta. We found that the air quality control policies in those nine cities were not consistent. Specifically, the pollution control policies of Guangzhou and Foshan have achieved more than 20% improvement. The pollution control policies of Dongguan and Zhaoqing have also achieved more than 10% improvement. However, due to the relative lag of the formulation and implementation of air pollution control policies, the air quality of Jiangmen, Zhuhai and Zhongshan has declined. Based on the analysis of the air quality assessment results and the effects of governance policies in each city during the study period, we propose suggestions for further improvement of the effectiveness of air pollution control policies in the region.

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“…Living room and sleeping room PM concentration during the cooking period is lower than the both kitchen and immediate outdoor. A similar study in Shanxi, China reported that the values in the rooms (114 ± 81µg/m 3 )are lower than the kitchen (376 ± 573µg/m 3 ) but room values were higher than the outdoor values (64 ± 28µg/m 3 ) [14]. This different may be due to structural differences of the household, climatic differences in two countries and differences in monitoring location.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Particulate Matter fractions and kitchen characteristics in Sri Lankan households using solid fuel and LPG

Nandasena¹,

Wickremasinghe

Kasturiratne

et al. 2018

Preprint

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IntroductionUse of solid fuel for cooking is a major source of household air pollution in developing countries. Of the many pollutants emitted during solid fuel combustion, Particulate Matter (PM)is considered to be one of the most hazardous pollutants. We monitored PM fractions emitted during solid fuel and Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG) combustion in kitchens of Sri Lankan households. MethodsHouseholds of children in a longitudinal study in Ragama, Sri Lanka was the study population. At the age of 36 months of children, a sample of households were visited and different aerodynamic diameters of PM (PM 1, PM 2.5 , PM 10 ) were monitored during the main cooking session for 3 hours. Basic characteristics of kitchen (e.g., availability of chimney, functionality of chimney, etc.) were assessed by a questionnaire. Cooking energy, other sources of household air pollution, size of open spaces in the kitchen (e.g., windows), etc.were assessed at the time of PM monitoring. ResultsQuestionnaire was administered for mothers in 426 households. Out of them, 245 (57.5%)and 116 (27.2%) households used LPG and wood as the primary cooking fuel respectively. During the cooking period, PM 2.5 concentrations of households uses only wood fuel and cook inside the main housing building were 344.1 µg/m 3 (Inter Quartile Range(IQR) = 173.2-878.0µg/m 3 ), 88.7 µg/m 3 (54.8-179.2 µg/m 3 ); 91.7 µg/m 3 (56.0-184.9 µg/m 3 ) and 115.1 µg/m 3 (83.4 -247.9 µg/m 3 ) in kitchen, sleeping room, living room and immediate outdoor respectively. Immediate outdoor PM 2.5 concentrations in wood burning households was higher among households not having chimney (n = 8)compare to those having a chimney ( n = 8) (245.9µg/m 3 (IQR = 72.5 -641.7µg/m 3 )) VS. (105.7µg/m 3 (83.4-195.8µg/m 3 )).Fuel type and stove type, availability of a chimney and their functional status, ratio between openspace and total space of kitchen, PM 2.5 concentration at the non-cooking time (i.e., baseline PM 2.5 concentration) were the determinants of PM 2.5 in wood using kitchens during cooking period. ConclusionsPM concentrations were higher in kitchen and other microenvironments of the households use wood for cooking as compared to LPG use for cooking. Immediate outdoor PM concentration was higher than the sleeping and living room PM concentrations. Several factors determine the PM 2.5 concentrationsduring the cooking including the fuel type.

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Household air pollution and personal inhalation exposure to particles (TSP/PM2.5/PM1.0/PM0.25) in rural Shanxi, North China

Cited by 56 publications

References 57 publications

Personal exposure to PM _2.5 in Chinese rural households in the Yangtze River Delta

Personal exposure to PM _2.5 in Chinese rural households in the Yangtze River Delta

Analysis of the Air Quality and the Effect of Governance Policies in China’s Pearl River Delta, 2015–2018

Particulate Matter fractions and kitchen characteristics in Sri Lankan households using solid fuel and LPG

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Household air pollution and personal inhalation exposure to particles (TSP/PM2.5/PM1.0/PM0.25) in rural Shanxi, North China

Cited by 56 publications

References 57 publications

Personal exposure to PM 2.5 in Chinese rural households in the Yangtze River Delta

Personal exposure to PM 2.5 in Chinese rural households in the Yangtze River Delta

Analysis of the Air Quality and the Effect of Governance Policies in China’s Pearl River Delta, 2015–2018

Particulate Matter fractions and kitchen characteristics in Sri Lankan households using solid fuel and LPG

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Personal exposure to PM _2.5 in Chinese rural households in the Yangtze River Delta

Personal exposure to PM _2.5 in Chinese rural households in the Yangtze River Delta