Household crowding index: a correlate of socioeconomic status and inter-pregnancy spacing in an urban setting

Melki, Imad; Beydoun, Hind A.; Khogali, Mustafa; Tamim, Hani; Yunis, Khalid

doi:10.1136/jech.2003.012690

Cited by 280 publications

(230 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The association between space in the household residence and food access may be explained by the link between space in a household and physical health status: higher density of households is associated with higher incidence of infectious diseases and poorer physical health (20,21) . Crowding has also been shown to correlate with lower socio-economic status, which has in turn been shown to be strongly associated with both poor health and food access outcomes (22) . The positive association between better housing material, such as more durable and less permeable material (wood, stone, cement v. adobe or earthen walls), and better food access is consistent with results from other studies examining housing conditions and health outcomes (23)(24)(25) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of household food access among small farmers in the Andes: examining the path

Leah

Pradel

Cole

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Household food access remains a concern among primarily agricultural households in lower-and middle-income countries. We examined the associations among domains representing livelihood assets (human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital and financial capital) and household food access. Design: Cross-sectional survey (two questionnaires) on livelihood assets. Setting: Metropolitan Pillaro, Ecuador; Cochabamba, Bolivia; and Huancayo, Peru. Subjects: Households (n 570) involved in small-scale agricultural production in 2008. Results: Food access, defined as the number of months of adequate food provisioning in the previous year, was relatively good; 41 % of the respondents indicated to have had no difficulty in obtaining food for their household in the past year. Using bivariate analysis, key livelihood assets indicators associated with better household food access were identified as: age of household survey respondent (P 5 0?05), participation in agricultural associations (P 5 0?09), church membership (P 5 0?08), area of irrigated land (P 5 0?08), housing material (P 5 0?06), space within the household residence (P 5 0?02) and satisfaction with health status (P 5 0?02). In path models both direct and indirect effects were observed, underscoring the complexity of the relationships between livelihood assets and household food access. Paths significantly associated with better household food access included: better housing conditions (P 5 0?01), more space within the household residence (P 5 0?001) and greater satisfaction with health status (P 5 0?001). Conclusions: Multiple factors were associated with household food access in these peri-urban agricultural households. Food security intervention programmes focusing on food access need to deal with both agricultural factors and determinants of health to bolster household food security in challenging lower-and middle-income country contexts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of household food access among small farmers in the Andes: examining the path

Leah

Pradel

Cole

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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“…The socio-demographic section included variables on: age, gender, educational level, type of occupation and other information to calculate the crowding index (20). Patients' medical histories were collected from their medical health records and confirmed by the patients.…”

Section: Pre-intervention Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of a hospital-based educational intervention on dietary salt-related knowledge and behaviour in a cardiac care unit population in Lebanon

Walsh

Aridi

Fathallah

et al. 2018

Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther.

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Background: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.Numerous strategies have been effective in reducing cardiovascular disease risk, from pharmacological approaches to lifestyle modification interventions. One of these strategies includes the reduction in dietary sodium which in turn reduces cardiovascular risk by reducing high blood pressure, perhaps the most important cardiovascular risk factor. Methods:We evaluated an educational dietary salt reduction intervention in a cardiac care unit population in Lebanon, assessing salt related knowledge and behaviours before and after administering an evidencebased educational leaflet to patients.Results: Salt-related knowledge improved significantly immediately post-intervention and subsequently fell on 4-week follow-up, but remained above baseline. Three of the four salt-related behaviours measured improved on 4-week follow-up: trying to buy low-salt foods increased from 54% to 74% (P=0.007), adding salt at the table reduced from 44% to 34% (P=0.03) and trying to buy food with no added salt increased from 24% to 52% (P=0.02) of the cohort. Adding salt during cooking did not differ significantly. A trend towards improved behavioural risk category in the cohort overall was observed on follow-up (P=0.07), 32% of participants were categorised as high behavioural risk pre-intervention, reducing to 17% on follow-up.Multi-ordered regression modelling identified being in the high-risk behavioural category at baseline as a predictor of being in the high-risk or moderate-risk category on follow-up.Conclusions: This hospital-based educational intervention had a modestly positive impact on salt-related knowledge and behaviour, with participants in the highest behavioural risk category at baseline being most resistant to behavioural improvement.

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“…The last section of the questionnaire explored the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants: age; sex; school system (public or private); family size; and socioeconomic status (SES) as indicated by the crowding index measured in number of persons per room in the household. This index had previously been validated as a good measure of SES in Lebanon [18]. Higher crowding is a sign of lower SES.…”

Section: Study Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and verbal/emotional abuse of schoolchildren, Lebanon, 2009

Bcheraoui¹,

Kouriye²,

Adib³

2012

Easter Mediterr Health J

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The extent of physical and verbal/emotional abuse in schools in Lebanon is currently unknown. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of both forms of abuse among a nationally representative sample of Lebanese schoolchildren, aged 10-18 years, using a self-reported questionnaire. A total of 1177 schoolchildren, 49.6% females, median age 14 years, completed the survey; 76.4% and 81.2% of these had experienced physical and verbal/emotional abuse respectively at least once at school. Male students [adjusted odd ratio (AOR) = 3.4, P < 0.01], children in public schools (AOR = 1.9, P < 0.01) and in South Lebanon (AOR = 2.2, P < 0.01) and Bekaa (AOR = 1.7, P < 0.05) regions were more likely to have experienced physical abuse than females, children from private schools and from Beirut. Male students (AOR = 1.3, P < 0.01) and children in public schools (AOR = 1.6, P < 0.01) were also more likely to experience verbal abuse, with no regional differences. The prevalence of physical and verbal/emotional abuse in schools in Lebanon is high and solutions should be sought to correct the problem engaging political and social leaders, the mass media, law enforcement agencies, parents and educators. RÉSUMÉ L'importance de la violence physique et psychologique/verbale dans les écoles au Liban n'est pas connue. La présente étude transversale visait à déterminer la prévalence et les caractéristiques des deux formes de violence dans un échantillon d'élèves libanais âgés de 10 à 18 ans représentatifs au niveau national, à l'aide d'un questionnaire direct. Au total, 1177 élèves, dont 49,6 % de filles, âgés en moyenne de 14 ans, ont rempli le questionnaire ; 76,4 % et 81,2 % d'entre eux avaient été exposés à la violence physique et psychologique/verbale respectivement au moins une fois à l'école. Les élèves de sexe masculin (OR ajusté = 3,4 ; P < 0,01), les élèves des écoles publiques (OR ajusté = 1,9 ; P < 0,01), du sud du Liban (OR ajusté = 2,2 ; P < 0,01), et de la vallée de Bekaa (OR ajusté = 1,7 ; P < 0,05), étaient plus à risque d'avoir été exposés à la violence physique que les élèves de sexe féminin, les enfants des écoles privés et de Beyrouth. Les garçons (OR ajusté = 1,3 ; P < 0,01) et les élèves des écoles publiques (OR ajusté = 1,6 ; P < 0,01) étaient aussi plus à risque d'exposition à la violence verbale, sans différence entre les régions. La prévalence de la violence physique et psychologique/verbale chez les élèves au Liban est élevée et des solutions doivent être recherchées pour corriger le problème dont la responsabilité doit être partagée entre les dirigeants politiques et sociaux, les médias, les forces de l'ordre, les parents et les éducateurs.

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Household crowding index: a correlate of socioeconomic status and inter-pregnancy spacing in an urban setting

Cited by 280 publications

References 25 publications

Determinants of household food access among small farmers in the Andes: examining the path

Determinants of household food access among small farmers in the Andes: examining the path

Impact of a hospital-based educational intervention on dietary salt-related knowledge and behaviour in a cardiac care unit population in Lebanon

Physical and verbal/emotional abuse of schoolchildren, Lebanon, 2009

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