Household interventions for preventing domestic lead exposure in children

Yeoh, Berlinda; Woolfenden, Susan; Lanphear, Bruce P.; Ridley, Greta; Livingstone, Nuala

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006047.pub4

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This screening method uses children as "canaries in a coal mine" and identifies children after they have been exposed to Pb and the harm has been done. Unfortunately, these types of programs that focus on Pb paint hazard education and dust clean-up as the soil interventions to reduce Pb poisoning are not particularly effective on a community-wide scale, at least from an environmental health perspective (Kennedy et al, 2016;Yeoh et al, 2014). This ad hoc approach to community health protection is currently the dominant Pb poisoning prevention method even though the locations in inner city areas where the majority of the Pb poisoning cases occur are well known and re-occur (Leech et al, 2016).…”

Section: Primary Prevention Versus Secondary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination

Laidlaw

Filippelli

Brown

et al. 2017

Applied Geochemistry

143

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Urban soils in many communities in the United States and internationally have been contaminated by lead (Pb) from past use of lead additives in gasoline, deterioration of exterior paint, emissions from Pb smelters and battery recycling and other industries. Exposure to Pb in soil and related dust is widespread in many inner city areas. Up to 20e40% of urban children in some neighborhoods have blood lead levels (BLLs) equal to or above 5 mg per decilitre, the reference level of health concern by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Given the widespread nature of Pb contamination in urban soils it has proven a challenge to reduce exposure. In order to prevent this exposure, an evidence-based approach is required to isolate or remediate the soils and prevent children and adult's ongoing exposure. To date, the majority of community soil Pb remediation efforts have been focused in mining towns or in discrete neighborhoods where Pb smelters have impacted communities. These efforts have usually entailed very expensive dig and dump soil Pb remediation techniques, funded by the point source polluters. Remediating widespread non-point source urban soil contamination using this approach is neither economical nor feasible from a practical standpoint. Despite the need to remediate/isolate urban soils in inner city areas, no deliberate, large scale, cost effective Pb remediation schemes have been implemented to isolate inner city soils impacted from sources other than mines and smelters. However, a city-wide natural experiment of flooding in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina demonstrated that declines in soil Pb resulted in major BLL reductions. Also a growing body of literature of smaller scale pilot studies and programs does exist regarding low cost efforts to isolate Pb contaminated urban soils. This paper reviews the literature regarding the effectiveness of soil Pb remediation for reducing Pb exposure and BLL in children, and suggests best practices for addressing the epidemics of low-level Pb poisoning occurring in many inner city areas.

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Section: Primary Prevention Versus Secondary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination

Laidlaw

Filippelli

Brown

et al. 2017

Applied Geochemistry

143

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“…A recent Cochrane evaluation was performed on education and household interventions for preventing children's lead exposure. The Cochrane report unequivocally states that the existing intervention method is ineffective at reducing children's blood lead levels (Yeoh et al, 2012). The corollary is that there is no known intervention for primary prevention of lead dust.…”

Section: Ordinary Medical Intervention Is Ineffectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Soils and Health: Closing the Soil Knowledge Gap

Mielke

2015

Soil Horizons

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“…Results suggest that these interventions did not significantly lower BLLs. Results from meta-analyses also seems to suggest that there’s insufficient evidence that these interventions are effective in reducing blood lead levels in children (Yeoh et al, 2014). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the effectiveness of state specific lead-based paint hazard risk reduction laws in preventing recurring incidences of lead poisoning in children

Kennedy

Lordo

Sucosky

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Background Despite significant progress made in recent decades in preventing childhood lead poisoning in the United States through the control or elimination of lead sources in the environment, it continues to be an issue in many communities, primarily in low-income communities with a large percentage of deteriorating housing built before the elimination of lead in residential paint. The purpose of this study is to determine whether state laws aimed at preventing childhood lead poisoning are also effective in preventing recurring lead poisoning among children previously poisoned. Methods An evaluation was conducted to determine whether laws in two representative states, Massachusetts and Ohio, have been effective in preventing recurrent lead poisoning among children less than 72 months of age previously poisoned, compared to a representative state (Mississippi) which at the time of the study had yet to develop legislation to prevent childhood lead poisoning. Results Compared to no legislation, unadjusted estimates showed children less than 72 months old, living in Massachusetts, previously identified as being lead poisoned, were 73% less likely to develop recurrent lead poisoning. However, this statistically significant association did not remain after controlling for other confounding variables. We did not find such a significant association when analyzing data from Ohio. Conclusions While findings from unadjusted estimates indicated that state lead laws such as those in Massachusetts may be effective at preventing recurrent lead poisoning among young children, small numbers may have attenuated the power to obtain statistical significance during multivariate analysis. Our findings did not provide evidence that state lead laws, such as those in Ohio, were effective in preventing recurrent lead poisoning among young children. Further studies may be needed to confirm these findings.

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Household interventions for preventing domestic lead exposure in children

Cited by 15 publications

References 46 publications

Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination

Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination

Soils and Health: Closing the Soil Knowledge Gap

Evaluating the effectiveness of state specific lead-based paint hazard risk reduction laws in preventing recurring incidences of lead poisoning in children

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