How Can Present and Future Satellite Missions Support Scientific Studies that Address Ocean Acidification?

Salisbury, Joseph E.; Vandemark, D.; Jönsson, Bror; Balch, William M.; Chakraborty, Sumit; Lohrenz, Steven E.; Chapron, Bertrand; Hales, Burke; Mannino, Antonio; Mathis, Jeremy T.; Reul, Nicolás; Signorini, Sérgio R.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Yates, Kimberly K.

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2015.35

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…However, the difficulty in quantifying these parameters is due to the scarcity of biochemical in situ observations, such as the SOCAT dataset (Bakker et al, 2016). In this regard, satellite SSS data (together with additional observables) offers a path forward to monitor ongoing changes in ocean acidification by exploiting synoptic satellite observations to produce global assessments of ocean surface pH and alkalinity (Brown et al, 2015;Land et al, 2015;Sabia et al, 2015a;Salisbury et al, 2015;Fine et al, 2017).…”

Section: Unlocking Space-based Ocean Biogeochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite Salinity Observing System: Recent Discoveries and the Way Forward

et al. 2019

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Advances in L-band microwave satellite radiometry in the past decade, pioneered by ESA's SMOS and NASA's Aquarius and SMAP missions, have demonstrated an unprecedented capability to observe global sea surface salinity (SSS) from space. Measurements from these missions are the only means to probe the very-near surface salinity (top cm), providing a unique monitoring capability for the interfacial exchanges of water between the atmosphere and the upper-ocean, and delivering a wealth of information on various salinity processes in the ocean, linkages with the climate and water cycle, including land-sea connections, and providing constraints for ocean prediction models. The satellite SSS data are complimentary to the existing in situ systems such as Argo that provide accurate depiction of large-scale salinity variability in the open ocean but under-sample mesoscale variability, coastal oceans and marginal seas, and energetic regions such as boundary currents and fronts. In particular, salinity remote sensing has proven valuable to systematically monitor the open oceans as well as coastal regions up to approximately 40 km from the coasts. This is critical to addressing societally relevant topics, such as land-sea linkages, coastal-open ocean exchanges, research in the carbon cycle, near-surface mixing, and air-sea exchange of gas and mass. In this paper, we provide a community perspective on the major achievements of satellite SSS for the aforementioned topics, the unique capability of satellite salinity observing system and its complementarity with other platforms, uncertainty characteristics of satellite SSS, and measurement versus sampling errors in relation to in situ salinity measurements. We also discuss the need for technological innovations to improve the accuracy, resolution, and coverage of satellite SSS, and the way forward to both continue and enhance salinity remote sensing as part of the integrated Earth Observing System in order to address societal needs.

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Section: Unlocking Space-based Ocean Biogeochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite Salinity Observing System: Recent Discoveries and the Way Forward

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“…The Takahashi et al (2014) effort includes interpolation and is on monthly resolution and 4 • by 5 • spacing, and is based on a climatology referenced to year 2010 excluding the Pacific. By creating pCO 2 fields using remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) fields and other high-resolution data, the OA products derived from SOCONET can be created at higher temporal and spatial resolution (Salisbury et al, 2015;Shutler et al, 2019). The approach of assessing OA from pCO 2 measurements may be hindered in coastal settings, such as the Baltic Sea where TAlk and TAlk-SSS relationships may change on similar timescales as pCO 2 (Müller et al, 2016).…”

Section: Perspective and Status Of Product Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Surface Ocean CO2 Reference Network, SOCONET and Associated Marine Boundary Layer CO2 Measurements

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The Surface Ocean CO 2 NETwork (SOCONET) and atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) CO 2 measurements from ships and buoys focus on the operational aspects of measurements of CO 2 in both the ocean surface and atmospheric MBLs. The goal is to provide accurate pCO 2 data to within 2 micro atmosphere (µatm) for surface ocean and 0.2 parts per million (ppm) for MBL measurements following rigorous best practices, calibration and intercomparison procedures. Platforms and data will be tracked in near real-time and final quality-controlled data will be provided to the community within a year. The network, involving partners worldwide, will aid in production of important products such as maps of monthly resolved surface ocean CO 2 and air-sea CO 2 flux measurements. These products and other derivatives using surface ocean and MBL

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“…Johnson et al, 2017), and sensors to observe multiple carbonate system parameters in situ are now in development (Bushinsky, 2019). One such advancement is utilizing Earth Observation (EO) satellites to provide wider spatial and temporal coverage of surface carbonate chemistry observations, with the aim of detecting features and characterizing dynamics that are difficult to resolve using in situ datasets (Land et al, 2015;Salisbury et al, 2015;Fine et al, 2017). Currently, there are just two satellites in orbit that are specifically designed to support global carbon cycle research (The US NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory OCO-2 (Osterman et al, 2016), and the Chinese Tansat; Yang et al, 2018), but their focus is to observe and monitor atmospheric CO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum satellite remote sensing of the marine carbonate system using empirical algorithms in the global ocean, the Greater Caribbean, the Amazon Plume and the Bay of Bengal

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Shutler

et al. 2019

Remote Sensing of Environment

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Improving our ability to monitor ocean carbonate chemistry has become a priority as the ocean continues to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This long-term uptake is reducing the ocean pH; a process commonly known as ocean acidification. The use of satellite Earth Observation has not yet been thoroughly explored as an option for routinely observing surface ocean carbonate chemistry, although its potential has been highlighted. We demonstrate the suitability of using empirical algorithms to calculate total alkalinity (A T) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (C T), assessing the relative performance of satellite, interpolated in situ, and climatology datasets in reproducing the wider spatial patterns of these two variables. Both A T and C T in situ data are reproducible, both regionally and globally, using salinity and temperature datasets, with satellite observed salinity from Aquarius and SMOS providing performance comparable to other datasets for the majority of case studies. Global root mean squared difference (RMSD) between in situ validation data and satellite estimates is 17 μmol kg −1 with bias < 5 μmol kg −1 for A T and 30 μmol kg −1 with bias < 10 μmol kg −1 for C T. This analysis demonstrates that satellite sensors provide a credible solution for monitoring surface synoptic scale A T and C T. It also enables the first demonstration of observation-based synoptic scale A T and C T temporal mixing in the Amazon plume for 2010-2016, complete with a robust estimation of their uncertainty.

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How Can Present and Future Satellite Missions Support Scientific Studies that Address Ocean Acidification?

Cited by 18 publications

References 88 publications

Satellite Salinity Observing System: Recent Discoveries and the Way Forward

Satellite Salinity Observing System: Recent Discoveries and the Way Forward

A Surface Ocean CO2 Reference Network, SOCONET and Associated Marine Boundary Layer CO2 Measurements

Optimum satellite remote sensing of the marine carbonate system using empirical algorithms in the global ocean, the Greater Caribbean, the Amazon Plume and the Bay of Bengal

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