How Combined Macrolide Nanomaterials are Effective Against Resistant Pathogens? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Abstract

Macrolide drugs are among the broad-spectrum antibiotics that are considered as “miracle drugs” against infectious diseases that lead to higher morbidity and mortality rates. Nevertheless, their effectiveness is currently at risk owing to the presence of devastating, antimicrobial-resistant microbes. In view of this challenge, nanotechnology-driven innovations are currently being anticipated for promising approaches to overcome antimicrobial resistance. Nowadays, various nanostructures are being developed for the delivery of antimicrobials to counter drug-resistant microbial strains through different mechanisms. Metallic nanoparticle-based delivery of macrolides, particularly using silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs & AuNPs), demonstrated a promising outcome with worthy stability, oxidation resistance, and biocompatibility. Similarly, macrolide-conjugated magnetic NPs resulted in an augmented antimicrobial activity and reduced bacterial cell viability against resistant microbes. Liposomal delivery of macrolides also showed favorable synergistic antimicrobial activities in vitro against resistant strains. Loading macrolide drugs into various polymeric nanomaterials resulted in an enhanced zone of inhibition. Intercalated nanomaterials also conveyed an outstanding macrolide delivery characteristic with efficient targeting and controlled drug release against infectious microbes. This review abridges several nano-based delivery approaches for macrolide drugs along with their recent achievements, challenges, and future perspectives.

Nanotechnology’s frontier in combatting infectious and inflammatory diseases: prevention and treatment

“… 668 In addition, Excessive mutation rates during microorganisms genome evolution could give rise to drug-resistant strains, greatly diminishing the therapeutic efficacy of existing drugs. 669 , 670 While nanocarriers may lead to unsuitable combinations of drugs and harmful side effects, ultimately compromising patient adherence. 671 The biocompatible nanomaterials or technologies can reduce patient compliance problems, such as LNPs, 672 and microneedle technology.…”

Novel Antimicrobial Approaches to Combat Bacterial Biofilms Associated with Urinary Tract Infections

“…Nanotechnology provides significant benefits in treating UTIs by enabling controlled and sustained drug release. When combined with magnetic nanoparticles, macrolides-the primary drugs used to treat biofilm-related infections-exhibit significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity [112]. Table 4 displays the nanoparticles that have demonstrated effectiveness against biofilm-forming bacteria that cause UTIs.…”