How do companies collaborate in open source ecosystems?

Commercial Participation in OpenStack: Two Sides of a Coin

“…These projects appear to just serve as "an open code archive," while the true advantages of open source (such as user innovation) are not brought into full play in some corners in a large OSS ecosystem. As a higher degree of collaboration always comes with more efficient development, 12 we see room for improving efficiency in these solo-contributed projects.…”

“…We conducted a series of studies 7,9,12 to understand how companies participate with other companies, focusing on a large-scale OSS ecosystem, OpenStack. Following these studies, we used the code commit history of OpenStack to analyze how different development tasks are completed in OpenStack and conducted a survey to explore developers' perspectives on how company domination affects the OSS projects.…”

Onboarding vs. Diversity, Productivity and Quality — Empirical Study of the OpenStack Ecosystem

“…On the other hand, Zhang et al [2] studied how companies collaborate within OpenStack by measuring productivity at the release level (while we focus on the release before OpenStack introduces onboarding). Even though their work is not directly related to onboarding at the SECO-level, it, however, explores contributors' paid and volunteered productivity, which, in our case, refers to project-level mentoring for onboarding contributors.…”

“…Studies [2], [9] show that companies contributing to the OpenStack codebase have an uneven distribution of com- mit across those companies. Also, we found that none of the sponsoring companies (NoC) had a disproportionate amount of contribution either by Cat-2 or Cat-3 contributors.…”

“…Construct validity. This study uses existing diversity, productivity, and quality metrics from the literature [2], [35], [57], [58] and open source communities such as CHAOSS [34]. However, concerning gender, we relied on the self-declared gender available in OpenStack's internal profiles [20].…”