How do pectin methylesterases and their inhibitors affect the spreading of tobamovirus?

Lionetti, Vincenzo; Raiola, Alessandro; Cervone, Felice; Bellincampi, Daniela

doi:10.4161/15592316.2014.972863

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…The genes flanking the 4AL/5AL translocation breakpoints are involved in many important biological processes and interactions with the environment. WD3L ortholog in Arabidopsis is required for exportation of mRNA out of and importation of proteins into nuclei; HLH belongs to the bHLH superfamily, involving many developmental processes and stress response (Carretero-Paulet et al 2010); ASA1 encodes the first enzyme for biosynthesis of phytohormone auxin (Mano and Nemoto 2012); and PMEIL is involved in multiple developmental programs, such as germination, by regulating cell wall homeostasis (Saez-Aguayo et al 2013) and resistance to fungal and virus pathogens (Lionetti et al 2007, 2014). Analysis of single transcriptomes of the A- and D- genome progenitors showed that distal breakpoint genes HLH and PMEIL are inactivated but proximal breakpoint genes ASA1 and WD3L are slightly upregulated in T. urartu (Figure S10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recurrence of Chromosome Rearrangements and Reuse of DNA Breakpoints in the Evolution of the Triticeae Genomes

Challa

Zhu

et al. 2016

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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Chromosomal rearrangements (CRs) play important roles in karyotype diversity and speciation. While many CR breakpoints have been characterized at the sequence level in yeast, insects, and primates, little is known about the structure of evolutionary CR breakpoints in plant genomes, which are much more dynamic in genome size and sequence organization. Here, we report identification of breakpoints of a translocation between chromosome arms 4L and 5L of Triticeae, which is fixed in several species, including diploid wheat and rye, by comparative mapping and analysis of the draft genome and chromosome survey sequences of the Triticeae species. The wheat translocation joined the ends of breakpoints downstream of a WD40 gene on 4AL and a gene of the PMEI family on 5AL. A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene in 5AL junction was significantly restructured. Rye and wheat share the same position for the 4L breakpoint, but the 5L breakpoint positions are not identical, although very close in these two species, indicating the recurrence of 4L/5L translocations in the Triticeae. Although barley does not carry the translocation, collinearity across the breakpoints was violated by putative inversions and/or transpositions. Alignment with model grass genomes indicated that the translocation breakpoints coincided with ancient inversion junctions in the Triticeae ancestor. Our results show that the 4L/5L translocation breakpoints represent two CR hotspots reused during Triticeae evolution, and support breakpoint reuse as a widespread mechanism in all eukaryotes. The mechanisms of the recurrent translocation and its role in Triticeae evolution are also discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recurrence of Chromosome Rearrangements and Reuse of DNA Breakpoints in the Evolution of the Triticeae Genomes

Challa

Zhu

et al. 2016

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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“…Plants finely tune pectin methylesterification and regulate PME activities through endogenous inhibitors indicated as PME inhibitors (PMEIs; Raiola et al, 2004 ; Lionetti et al, 2012 ; Reca et al, 2012 ). Using genetic, biochemical and molecular approaches it has been shown that the overexpression of PMEIs in Arabidopsis , wheat, pepper and tobacco results in a reduced susceptibility to fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens ( Lionetti et al, 2007 , 2014 , 2015b ; An et al, 2008 ; Raiola et al, 2011 ; Volpi et al, 2011 ). The higher methylesterification detected in these plants makes pectin less susceptible to hydrolysis by microbial pectinases and, consequently, microbial growth is reduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PECTOPLATE: the simultaneous phenotyping of pectin methylesterases, pectinases, and oligogalacturonides in plants during biotic stresses

Lionetti

2015

Front. Plant Sci.

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Degradation of pectin, a major component of plant cell wall, is important for fungal necrotrophs to achieve a successful infection. The activities of pectin methylesterases (PMEs) from both plants and pathogens and the degree and pattern of pectin methylesterification are critical for the outcome of plant–pathogen interaction. Partial degradation of pectin by pectin degrading enzymes releases oligogalacturonides (OGs), elicitors of plant defense responses. Few analytical techniques are available to monitor pectin methylesterification-modulating machineries and OGs produced during plant pathogen interaction. In the present study, ruthenium red is presented as useful dye to monitor both Botrytis cinerea mycelium growth and the induction of PME activity in plant tissue during fungal infection. Moreover a simple, inexpensive and sensitive method, named PECTOPLATE, is proposed that allows a simultaneous phenotyping of PME and pectinase activities expressed during pathogen infection and of pectinase potential in generating OGs. The results in the manuscript also indicate that PME inhibitors can be used in PECTOPLATE as a tool to discriminate the activities of plant PMEs from those of pathogen PMEs expressed during pathogenesis.

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“…In particular, plants overexpressing AtPMEI1 or AtPMEI2 (Hothorn et al, 2004;Raiola et al, 2004;Wolf et al, 2009;De Caroli et al, 2011) showed a lower level of PME activity, a higher degree of methylesterification (DME) of pectin, and a reduced susceptibility to B. cinerea and Pectobacterium carotovorum (Lionetti et al, 2007;Raiola et al, 2011). The reduced susceptibility to fungal diseases also was observed in wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants overexpressing AdPMEI from kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa;Camardella et al, 2000;Giovane et al, 2004;Di Matteo et al, 2005;Lionetti et al, 2014b), indicating that the inhibition of PME activity also improves plant resistance in low-pectin-containing monocot species (Vogel, 2008;Volpi et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These strategies were based mainly on reducing PME activity through the constitutive expression of development-related PMEIs. PMEI overexpression in different plant species reduced their susceptibility to fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens (Lionetti et al, 2007(Lionetti et al, , 2014b(Lionetti et al, , 2015bRaiola et al, 2011). In particular, plants overexpressing AtPMEI1 or AtPMEI2 (Hothorn et al, 2004;Raiola et al, 2004;Wolf et al, 2009;De Caroli et al, 2011) showed a lower level of PME activity, a higher degree of methylesterification (DME) of pectin, and a reduced susceptibility to B. cinerea and Pectobacterium carotovorum (Lionetti et al, 2007;Raiola et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Three Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors Protect Cell Wall Integrity for Arabidopsis Immunity to Botrytis

et al. 2017

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Infection by necrotrophs is a complex process that starts with the breakdown of the cell wall (CW) matrix initiated by CW-degrading enzymes and results in an extensive tissue maceration. Plants exploit induced defense mechanisms based on biochemical modification of the CW components to protect themselves from enzymatic degradation. The pectin matrix is the main CW target of , and pectin methylesterification status is strongly altered in response to infection. The methylesterification of pectin is controlled mainly by pectin methylesterases (PMEs), whose activity is posttranscriptionally regulated by endogenous protein inhibitors (PMEIs). Here, AtPMEI10, AtPMEI11, and AtPMEI12 are identified as functional PMEIs induced in Arabidopsis () during infection. AtPMEI expression is strictly regulated by jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling, while only AtPMEI11 expression is controlled by PME-related damage-associated molecular patterns, such as oligogalacturonides and methanol. The decrease of pectin methylesterification during infection is higher and the immunity to is compromised in ,, and mutants with respect to the control plants. A higher stimulation of the fungal oxalic acid biosynthetic pathway also can contribute to the higher susceptibility of mutants. The lack of expression does not affect hemicellulose strengthening, callose deposition, and the synthesis of structural defense proteins, proposed as CW-remodeling mechanisms exploited by Arabidopsis to resist CW degradation upon infection. We show that PME activity and pectin methylesterification are dynamically modulated by PMEIs during infection. Our findings point to AtPMEI10, AtPMEI11, and AtPMEI12 as mediators of CW integrity maintenance in plant immunity.

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How do pectin methylesterases and their inhibitors affect the spreading of tobamovirus?

Cited by 21 publications

References 33 publications

Recurrence of Chromosome Rearrangements and Reuse of DNA Breakpoints in the Evolution of the Triticeae Genomes

Recurrence of Chromosome Rearrangements and Reuse of DNA Breakpoints in the Evolution of the Triticeae Genomes

PECTOPLATE: the simultaneous phenotyping of pectin methylesterases, pectinases, and oligogalacturonides in plants during biotic stresses

Three Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors Protect Cell Wall Integrity for Arabidopsis Immunity to Botrytis

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