How does adipose tissue contribute to inflammageing?

Zamboni, Mauro; Nori, Nicole; Brunelli, Anna; Zoico, Elena

doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111162

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Ageing is associated with changes in body composition including increased visceral adipose tissue, redistribution of visceral adipose tissue from the periphery to a central distribution and deposition of ectopic adipose tissue. All of these changes are risk factors for pathology including; osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, gall bladder disease, type 2 diabetes, breast, colon, and endometrial cancer; hypertension, stroke, dementia and reduction in vascularization and hypoxia, increased fibrosis and senescent cell accumulation (159). Reductions in visceral fat have been shown to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in those with and without diabetes.…”

Section: Adipose Tissue Physical Activity and Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines

Izquierdo

Merchant

Morley

et al. 2021

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

601

377

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The human ageing process is universal, ubiquitous and inevitable. Every physiological function is being continuously diminished. There is a range between two distinct phenotypes of ageing, shaped by patterns of living - experiences and behaviours, and in particular by the presence or absence of physical activity (PA) and structured exercise (i.e., a sedentary lifestyle). Ageing and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with declines in muscle function and cardiorespiratory fitness, resulting in an impaired capacity to perform daily activities and maintain independent functioning. However, in the presence of adequate exercise/PA these changes in muscular and aerobic capacity with age are substantially attenuated. Additionally, both structured exercise and overall PA play important roles as preventive strategies for many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, osteoporosis, and obesity; improvement of mobility, mental health, and quality of life; and reduction in mortality, among other benefits. Notably, exercise intervention programmes improve the hallmarks of frailty (low body mass, strength, mobility, PA level, energy) and cognition, thus optimising functional capacity during ageing. In these pathological conditions exercise is used as a therapeutic agent and follows the precepts of identifying the cause of a disease and then using an agent in an evidence-based dose to eliminate or moderate the disease. Prescription of PA/structured exercise should therefore be based on the intended outcome (e.g., primary prevention, improvement in fitness or functional status or disease treatment), and individualised, adjusted and controlled like any other medical treatment. In addition, in line with other therapeutic agents, exercise shows a dose-response effect and can be individualised using different modalities, volumes and/or intensities as appropriate to the health state or medical condition. Importantly, exercise therapy is often directed at several physiological systems simultaneously, rather than targeted to a single outcome as is generally the case with pharmacological approaches to disease management. There are diseases for which exercise is an alternative to pharmacological treatment (such as depression), thus contributing to the goal of deprescribing of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMS). There are other conditions where no effective drug therapy is currently available (such as sarcopenia or dementia), where it may serve a primary role in prevention and treatment. Therefore, this consensus statement provides an evidence-based rationale for using exercise and PA for health promotion and disease prevention and treatment in older adults. Exercise prescription is discussed in terms of the specific modalities and doses that have been studied in randomised controlled trials for their effectiveness in attenuating physiological changes of ageing, disease prevention, and/or improvement of older adults with chronic disease and disability. Recommendations are proposed to bridge gaps in the current literature and to optimise the use of exercise/PA both as a preventative medicine and as a therapeutic agent.

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Section: Adipose Tissue Physical Activity and Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines

Izquierdo

Merchant

Morley

et al. 2021

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

601

377

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…White adipose tissue (WAT) is the main site for lipid storage and mobilization and has a high secretion capacity. The activity of WAT is strongly linked to inflammation in healthy individuals (where low-grade inflammation is required for correct metabolic activity) (2), and even more so in ageing and in people with fat gain/obesity (where the more intense inflammation contributes to the loss of metabolic activity) (3). Brown adipose tissue (BAT, mainly characterized in rodents) ensures non-shivering thermogenesis; it can maintain thermal homeostasis by dissipating large amounts of energy in the form of heat.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Adipose Tissue to the Chronic Immune Activation and Inflammation Associated With HIV Infection and Its Treatment

et al. 2021

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White adipose tissue (AT) contributes significantly to inflammation – especially in the context of obesity. Several of AT’s intrinsic features favor its key role in local and systemic inflammation: (i) large distribution throughout the body, (ii) major endocrine activity, and (iii) presence of metabolic and immune cells in close proximity. In obesity, the concomitant pro-inflammatory signals produced by immune cells, adipocytes and adipose stem cells help to drive local inflammation in a vicious circle. Although the secretion of adipokines by AT is a prime contributor to systemic inflammation, the lipotoxicity associated with AT dysfunction might also be involved and could affect distant organs. In HIV-infected patients, the AT is targeted by both HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART). During the primary phase of infection, the virus targets AT directly (by infecting AT CD4 T cells) and indirectly (via viral protein release, inflammatory signals, and gut disruption). The initiation of ART drastically changes the picture: ART reduces viral load, restores (at least partially) the CD4 T cell count, and dampens inflammatory processes on the whole-body level but also within the AT. However, ART induces AT dysfunction and metabolic side effects, which are highly dependent on the individual molecules and the combination used. First generation thymidine reverse transcriptase inhibitors predominantly target mitochondrial DNA and induce oxidative stress and adipocyte death. Protease inhibitors predominantly affect metabolic pathways (affecting adipogenesis and adipocyte homeostasis) resulting in insulin resistance. Recently marketed integrase strand transfer inhibitors induce both adipocyte adipogenesis, hypertrophy and fibrosis. It is challenging to distinguish between the respective effects of viral persistence, persistent immune defects and ART toxicity on the inflammatory profile present in ART-controlled HIV-infected patients. The host metabolic status, the size of the pre-established viral reservoir, the quality of the immune restoration, and the natural ageing with associated comorbidities may mitigate and/or reinforce the contribution of antiretrovirals (ARVs) toxicity to the development of low-grade inflammation in HIV-infected patients. Protecting AT functions appears highly relevant in ART-controlled HIV-infected patients. It requires lifestyle habits improvement in the absence of effective anti-inflammatory treatment. Besides, reducing ART toxicities remains a crucial therapeutic goal.

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“…Chronic inflammation is a key element in pre-frailty, sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and metabolic diseases such as diabetes (42)(43)(44). Body composition changes with ageing especially increase in visceral fat and ectopic fat distribution is pro-inflammatory and obesity is associated among others with high baseline C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 (45). Intramuscular fat infiltration together with sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits and effects of medications further aggravates insulin resistance in older adults (46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Body Composition in Pre-Frail Older Adults With Diabetes Mellitus

2022

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Background & AimsAgeing is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus (DM) and frailty. It is associated with body composition changes including increase in fat mass (FM), central fat distribution, decrease in fat free mass (FFM) and skeletal muscle which are risk factors for DM. This study aims to evaluate gender differences in body composition in pre-frail diabetics and association with physical performance, cognitive function and perceived health. In addition, we aim to explore the association of obesity, sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and body composition in pre-frail older adults to DM status.MethodsCross-sectional study of 192 pre-frail community dwelling older adults (≥ 65 years). Data was collected on demographics, physical function, cognition, frailty, sarcopenia, perceived health and body composition using the InBody S10. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were undertaken to explore the association of sarcopenic obesity, obesity, sarcopenia and body composition measures to DM status.ResultsThere were insignificant within-gender differences for physical function, cognition and body composition, except for a higher prevalence of obesity defined by body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%), increased fat mass index(FMI) and fat free mass index(FFMI) in females with DM. There were significant between-gender differences for those with DM where females overall had lower education levels, lower perceived health, higher prevalence of depression and low mental vitality, lower overall physical function (low short physical performance battery scores, low gait speed and hand grip strength), lower cognitive scores, lower muscle mass and muscle quality with higher FMI, FM/FFM and visceral fat area(VFA). BMI, VFA>100 cm2, FMI and FFMI were found to be independently associated with DM status after multivariable adjustment.ConclusionWithin pre-frail DM vs non-DM, there were insignificant differences in body composition, physical function, cognition and perceived health within gender except for FMI, BF% and FFMI in females. There were significant differences between gender in pre-frail DM in muscle mass, quality, functional, cognitive and mental status. Further longitudinal studies are required to understand the pathogenesis, trajectory of DM and protective role of oral hypoglycemics in pre-frail older adults.

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How does adipose tissue contribute to inflammageing?

Cited by 34 publications

References 109 publications

International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines

International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines

Contribution of Adipose Tissue to the Chronic Immune Activation and Inflammation Associated With HIV Infection and Its Treatment

Gender Differences in Body Composition in Pre-Frail Older Adults With Diabetes Mellitus

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