This paper examines and compares the profitability of banks in the USA and China.The USA has the largest market-based banking system and the financial system of China is still bank-based. Our analysis indicates that in terms of profitability, banks in China outperformed those in the USA during our study period (2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014). Real estate loans had an adverse effect on US bank profi tability during the fi nancial crisis and no effect after the crisis but consistently improved the profi tability of Chinese banks.Interest margins have no effect on US bank profitability but a consistently positive effect on Chinese banks, confi rming that China is a traditional bank-based economy. Interbank loans have a positive and significant effect on Chinese bank profitability, while interbank domestic loans have a negative effect on US bank profi tability. Finally, size had a positive effect on US banks after the fi nancial crisis period, confi rming the scale economies of large US banks, but a negative effect on Chinese banks, indicating diseconomies of scale.