“…Following a series of government restrictions implemented worldwide, overall transport systems and all stages of the global supply chains were disrupted. Although the transportation industry has been among those most severely impacted by supply chain disruption triggered by the pandemic ( Wang et al, 2022 ), the effects of COVID-19 have not been uniform across all sectors of the industry ( Tardivo et al, 2021 ). However, previous studies have investigated the impact of COVID-19 on passenger markets ( Chen et al, 2022 , Mumbower, 2022 , Shortall et al, 2021 , Warnock-Smith et al, 2021 , Zhang et al, 2021), express logistics ( Bastug and Yercan, 2021 ; Yang et al, 2021), and freight markets ( Fang and Guo, 2022 , Narasimha et al, 2021 ; Notteboom et al, 2020).…”