How does the quantum structure of electromagnetic waves describe quantum redshift?

Abstract

The redshift of the electromagnetic waves is a powerful tool for calculating the distance of the objects in space and studying their behavior. However, physicists' misinterpretation of why Redshift occurs has led us to a misunderstanding of the most cosmological phenomena. The paper introduces Quantum Redshift (QR) by using the quantum structure of the electromagnetic waves (QSEW) In the Quantum Redshift, although the Planck constant is the smallest unit of three-dimensional energy, it is consisting of smaller units of one-dimensional energy. The maximum energy of each period of the electromagnetic waves is equal to the Planck constant hence, the capacity of each period is carrying one-dimensional quanta energy. However, in the QR, at the emitting time of the electromagnetic waves, their periods are not fully filled. On the other hand, they are interested in sharing quanta energies with each other to have full filled periods. Sharing the quanta energies ofا some periods between other periods is the reason for destroying some periods and decreasing the frequency of the electromagnetic waves. Our other studies show Quantum Redshift can well explain the whole phenomenon of the universe, and real data support our theory. The quantum redshift rejects the big bang theory, expansion of space and dark energy. It predicts dark matters and describes CMB. The paper obtains the basic equation of the QR for use in future papers.

Quantum Redshift Rejects Dark Energy and the Theory of Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

“…In the QR, we have already obtained the relationship between the Redshift and the time, and represented in a paper [1] the equation is given by:…”

“…Column ( 1) is distance limits. Column (2) is the average of the distance limits in each subcategory in column (1). Column (3) is the average value of the parameter p for all stars in the subcategory.…”

“…Quantum Redshift theory [1] is a new theory for describing the decreasing frequency of the electromagnetic waves and shifts in their spectral lines. In the QR theory, each period of the electromagnetic waves is like a virtual box, and the capacity of each period is equal to carrying 89875518173474223 one-dimensional quanta energies (k constant) [2].…”

“…Already, we have presented an equation to relate changing of the frequency of the electromagnetic waves to their free positions at the emitting time and the amount of the sharing the quanta energies over time [1]. The relationship between the frequency of the emitter and observer is given by:…”

Investigating the Relationship Between the Life Cycle of Electromagnetic Waves, Quantum Redshift, Quantum Flux, and Luminosity

“…In the quantum redshift [21][22][23], the reason for the shift in the spectral lines, and decreasing the frequency of the electromagnetic waves, is losing the quanta energies. Due to rejecting the expansion of the space, obtained distances in the quantum redshift theory are less than the distances in the accelerated expansion space theory.…”