How Does Virtual Water Flow in Palestine? A Political Ecology Analysis

Beltrán, María Jesús Sánchez; Kallis, Giorgos

doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.036

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…An example comes from Israel and Palestinian: political ecologists believe Israel used its asymmetric power in the Oslo negotiations to control the flow of Palestinian agricultural VW, which further consolidated its political and economic power. As a relatively weak side in the game, Palestine was in a passive position and had to accept the opponent's conditions (Beltrán & Kallis, 2018). In other cases, the game could become an alliance game in which some players form an alliance against others (Perkhe, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Game theory model for a virtual water strategy: Scenarios under rational and semirational game play

Yang

Hamilton

et al. 2021

Water & Environment J

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The virtual water strategy (VWS) provides a theoretically feasible method to transport virtual water (VW) and balance regional differences in water resource endowments. However, the practical implementation of VWS faces selective resistance due to the lack of research in motivation analysis across potential executor regions. Game theory provides a new approach to study the decision‐making mechanism and behavioural motivation in the implementation of VWS. This study builds some semiquantitative game models to analyse the regions’ potential acceptance of VWS in decision‐making, especially concerning economic development, water sustainability, and trade patterns. The result shows the factors like external incentives and stability of game can affect the payoffs and strategy selections on VWS in rational and semirational games. To achieve a mutual benefit equilibrium towards an effective VWS framework, improvement efforts could include mechanisms for rewards or punishments, promoting long‐term cooperation, and promulgation and education.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Game theory model for a virtual water strategy: Scenarios under rational and semirational game play

Yang

Hamilton

et al. 2021

Water & Environment J

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“…A land–water–food nexus is clear in the West Bank, and the Israeli Military Governorate and ICA have been particularly decisive in shaping this nexus since 1967. They seized large areas of villagers’ agricultural lands for military use or to hand over to Jewish settlements (Beltrán and Kallis, 2018). The impact on agriculture is particularly stark in the Jordan Valley, as this area contains more than 40% of the total Palestinian-held irrigated land in the West Bank (PCBS, 2011).…”

Section: Al-auja: a Hydro-social Sketchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Producing in high volumes is increasingly important for export agriculture, yet many Palestinian farmers lack the capital necessary for equipment and additives to support such volumes. As a result of these impediments, Palestine has dramatically lower access than its neighbors Israel, Egypt, and Jordan to virtual water (the water footprint of traded and eaten crops) (Beltrán and Kallis, 2018), as well as to freshwater.…”

Section: Al-auja: a Hydro-social Sketchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent visions: Intersectional water advocacy in Palestine

McKee

2020

Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space

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This article draws lessons about environmental justice from a case study in the Jordan River Valley of the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Building on notions of justice as recognition, the article argues that inclusive environmental justice agendas require the recognition of multiply marginalized groups and the fundamentally different understandings of environmental hazards and benefits they may have, and it proposes the use of intersectional analysis to do so. The village of al-Auja faces severe water-related challenges: a closed Israeli military zone blocking access to the Jordan River, which has also shrunk and grown polluted in recent decades; water wells with declining capacity and increasing salinity and a lack of permits to rehabilitate them; and the drying of a once-perennial spring. Residents, local government officials, and Palestinian staff members of a transborder nongovernmental organization agreed in identifying Israeli occupation as a key cause of water stress and articulated justice-based protests. However, while some emphasized the lack of Palestinian sovereignty over natural resources, others concentrated on the obstruction of villagers’ agricultural livelihoods and household hardships. The article demonstrates that different life experiences, particularly along lines of rural/urban residence, career, and gender, shaped divergent definitions among Palestinians of environmental benefits and harms, and thus different priorities for environmental justice work. It suggests that attending to complex, intersecting lines of social experience in the early stage of environmental campaigns, when defining problems and forming goals for improvement, can lead to more representative reparation plans, institution building, and activist agendas.

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“…In Palestine, the need for water is increasing with the current political situation, population growth, and high rate of urbanization. The depletion of fresh water resources continues as the demand for irrigation, industrial and municipal water keeps escalating [1][2][3][4][5][6] Exploring alternative sources of water plays a vital role in the water supply, when fresh water, including surface-and ground-water, becomes limited. Recently, water quality has been further studied for effective water resource management, given such resources' variability and vulnerability due to natural and anthropogenic changes [3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a Strategy to Recover Condensate Water from Air Conditioners in Palestine

Siam

Al‐Khatib

Anayah

et al. 2019

Water

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As the need for water is increasing in Palestine, and the available water resources are barely sufficient to meet the demands of the current quality of life and the economy, air conditioner condensate water could be explored as an alternative water source. The objective of this study is to better understand the potential for recovery of condensate water from air conditioning systems in two Palestinian cities. In addition, this study aims to evaluate this water source in terms of quality and quantity. Generally, it was found that the condensate water has good quality, which conforms to the Palestinian standards for reused water for irrigation, except for turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. Reflecting the heavy metal occurrence in the collected condensate water, no particular risk was recognized for drinking water or reused irrigation standards, except for manganese occurrence of 0.19 mg/L in one sample. From a single unit capacity, high quantities of water were observed of approximately 259 L and 453 L per month in Ramallah and Jericho cities, respectively. These figures should draw the attention of decision and policy makers to put in place strict technical guidelines to be followed for potential reuse of condensate water at the local level.

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How Does Virtual Water Flow in Palestine? A Political Ecology Analysis

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Game theory model for a virtual water strategy: Scenarios under rational and semirational game play

Game theory model for a virtual water strategy: Scenarios under rational and semirational game play

Divergent visions: Intersectional water advocacy in Palestine

Developing a Strategy to Recover Condensate Water from Air Conditioners in Palestine

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