“…In particular, some recent studies have investigated GI adoption or performance of SMEs in middle-income economies including Bangladesh (Hasan & Rahman, 2023), Colombia (Bedoya-Villa et al, 2023), Côte d'Ivoire (Fulgence et al, 2023), Egypt (Aboelmaged andHashem, 2019), Indonesia (Tjahjadi et al, 2020), Malaysia (Singh et al, 2019), Mexico (Valdez-Juárez & Castillo-Vergara, 2021), Pakistan (Ahmad et al, 2024;Awan et al, 2021;Fahad et al, 2022;Yousaf, 2021;Zahoor et al, 2022). However, only few studies concentrated on GI process of Turkish (Aksu & Akman, 2023;Şengüllendi et al, 2023) and Iranian (Ebrahimi et al, 2017;Jahanshahi et al, 2020;Jalali et al, 2022) SMEs. Flatten et al (2011) suggest that samples containing firms from different national backgrounds would provide fruitful information in future research.…”