How effective is intermittent chlorination to control adult mussel fouling in cooling water systems?

Rajagopal, S.; Velde, G. van der; Gaag, M. van der; Jenner, H.A.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00270-1

Cited by 84 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Several power stations have successfully employed low-dose continuous chlorination to control mussel fouling, including that by P. viridis (Rajagopal et al 1996a). However, the main disadvantage of this method is that interruptions in chlorination will allow mussels to settle, which on resumption of chlorination are not easily dislodged (Rajagopal et al 2003c).…”

Section: Mussel Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greening of the coasts: a review of the Perna viridis success story

et al. 2006

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The green mussel Perna viridis has been receiving a lot of attention from workers working in the research areas of intertidal ecology, aquaculture, pollution monitoring, biofouling, zoogeography and invasion biology. P. viridis is a remarkable species in terms of its ability to reach very high biomass levels, to withstand environmental fluctuations, to concentrate a variety of organic and inorganic environmental pollutants, to colonise artificial marine habitats and to invade new geographic territories. This review collates data available on salient aspects of the distribution, biology and ecology of P. viridis. It is argued that the remarkable success of P. viridis as an invasive species basically stems from its long larval duration, fast growth rate, high fecundity, early maturity, high productivity and ability to withstand fluctuating environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, water turbidity and pollutants). Relevant aspects of the data are compared with the data available for a similar species Perna perna, which too is an invasive species, but to a more limited extent.

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Section: Mussel Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greening of the coasts: a review of the Perna viridis success story

et al. 2006

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“…When the lophophores are retracted, less of the colony is exposed. Zebra mussels show similar resistance to chlorine; they close their valves when they detect chlorine in the water and thereby achieve resistance to intermittent dosing (Rajagopal, et al 2003).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, intermittent chlorination is not always an effective biofouling control strategy. Zebra mussels can detect chlorine in the water and shut their valves protecting themselves from the chlorine; they can survive pulses of 4 h chlorination, 4 h no chlorination by this method (Rajagopal et al 2003). Bryozoans can rapidly retract their lophophore back into their body and close off their aperture (Ryland 1970), potentially giving them a similar protection to zebra mussels.…”

Section: Chlorine Backwashingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of the biofouling bryozoan, Plumatella repens, using pulsed chlorine treatment

Mant

Moggridge

Aldridge

2012

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Bryozoans are common biofoulers of underdrain filter nozzles in rapid gravity filters in water treatment works. A potential method for controlling bryozoan biofouling is the use of chlorine in backwash water. Repeatedly exposing bryozoan colonies with chlorine for 20 min every 24 h in an experimental setting, to replicate what would occur if the backwash was chlorinated, caused significant reduction in colony growth and size. After 10 days repeated treatment in good conditions for bryozoan propagation, the EC 50 (the chlorine concentration required to decrease growth such that treated colonies were half the size of control colonies) was 1.6 ppm (SE 0.3). In suboptimal conditions for propagation, the impact of chlorine was greater. The majority of colonies treated with 1 ppm and above did not grow or even decreased in size over 5 days. However, a chlorine concentration of 5 ppm was necessary, even in sub-optimal conditions, to ensure all colonies decreased in size over 5 days of treatment; this is too high to be acceptable to water companies due to the risk of carcinogenic by-products. Nevertheless, the observed decline in feeding activity of bryozoans exposed to chlorine levels [1 ppm suggests that repeated backwashing with chlorine may cause colony death over time, especially in sub-optimal conditions. Chlorine backwashes may therefore be an effective long-term control strategy, especially in locations such as rapid gravity filters where it is suggested that upstream processes are likely to create sub-optimal conditions for bryozoan growth.

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“…Chlorination used for combat bio-fouling [40] IV. Scale inhibitors [10,41,42] V. Magnetic devices [10,43,44] VI.…”

Section: IIImentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial Heat Exchanger: Operation and Maintenance to Minimize Fouling and Corrosion

Hou¹,

Kazi²,

Mahat³

et al. 2017

Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications

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Heat exchanger is equipment used to transfer heat from one fluid to another. It has extensive domestic and industrial applications. Extensive technical literature is available on heat exchanger design, operation and maintenance, but it is widely scattered throughout the industrial bulletins, industrial design codes and standard, technical journals, etc. The purpose of this book chapter is to consolidate into basic background and concepts design of heat exchangers, operation, cleaning and green technology maintenance on heat exchanger closely related to the industrial practices.

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How effective is intermittent chlorination to control adult mussel fouling in cooling water systems?

Cited by 84 publications

References 16 publications

Greening of the coasts: a review of the Perna viridis success story

Greening of the coasts: a review of the Perna viridis success story

Control of the biofouling bryozoan, Plumatella repens, using pulsed chlorine treatment

Industrial Heat Exchanger: Operation and Maintenance to Minimize Fouling and Corrosion

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