“…Compared with abundance data, presence–absence data have several advantages: (1) Presence–absence data can increase efficiency in ecological and conservation research because they are easier to collect than abundance data and are much less costly in terms of time, price, and human resources, especially at large spatial or temporal scales (Badenhausser, Amouroux, & Bretagnolle, 2007; Casner, Forister, Ram, & Shapiro, 2014; Fukuda, Mouton, & De Baets, 2012; Furnas, 2013; Gu & Swihart, 2004; Gutiérrez, Harcourt, Díez, Gutiérrez Illán, & Wilson, 2013; Joseph, Field, Wilcox, & Possingham, 2006; MacKenzie & Nichols, 2004; Ribas & Padial, 2015). (2) In many cases, when differences among groups are large, presence–absence data can provide adequate indicators to describe ecological patterns, which are often in agreement with those obtained from abundance data (Carneiro, Bini, & Rodrigues, 2010; Landeiro et al., 2012; Melo, 2005; Ribas & Padial, 2015; Tweedley, Warwick, & Potter, 2015). (3) Presence–absence data can remove much of the noise induced by sampling biases or errors, whereas large sampling errors can lead to unreliable abundance data (Hirst & Jackson, 2007; Jackson & Harvey, 1997).…”