How globalization and market innovation challenge how we think about and respond to drug use: ‘Spice’ a case study

Griffiths, Paul; Sedefov, Roumen; Gallegos, Ana; Lopez, Dominique

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02874.x

Cited by 97 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is of note that the availability of synthetic cannabinoids was only first reported to the EWS in 2008 [18]. In 2014, six new psychoactive substances were formally risk-assessed, and each of these substances had been associated with reports of drug-related harm, including hospitalizations and deaths.…”

Section: Detections Of New Psychoactive Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The drug situation in Europe: an overview of data available on illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances from European monitoring in 2015

et al. 2015

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Aim A central task for the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is to produce an annual report of the latest data available on drug demand and drug supply in Europe. This paper is intended to facilitate a better understanding of, and easier access to, the main quantitative European level data sets available in 2015.Methods The European reporting system formally covers all 28 European Union (EU) Member States, Norway and Turkey and incorporates multiple indicators alongside an early warning system (EWS) on uncontrolled new psychoactive substances (NPS). While epidemiological information is based largely on registries, surveys and other routine data reported annually, the EWS collects case-based data on an ongoing basis. The 2015 reporting exercise is centred primarily on a set of standardized reporting tools. Results The most recent data provided by European countries are presented, including data on drug use, drug-related morbidity and mortality, treatment demand, drug markets and new psychoactive substances, with data tables provided and methodological information. A number of key results are highlighted for illustrative purposes. Drug prevalence estimates from national surveys since 2012 (last year prevalence of use among the 15-34 age band) range from 0.4% in Turkey to 22.1% in France for cannabis, from 0.2% in Greece and Romania to 4.2% in the United Kingdom for cocaine, from 0.1% in Italy and Turkey to 3% in the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom for ecstasy, and from 0.1% or less in Romania, Italy and Portugal to 2.5% in Estonia for amphetamine. Declining trends in new HIV detections among people who inject drugs are illustrated, in addition to presentation of a breakdown of NPS reported to the EU early warning system, which have risen exponentially from fewer than 20 a year between 2005 and 2008, to 101 reported in 2014. Conclusions Structured information is now available on patterns and trends in drug consumption in Europe, which permits triangulation of data from different sources and consideration of methodological limitations. Opioid drugs continue to place a burden on the drug treatment system, although both new heroin entrants and injecting show declines. More than 450 new psychoactive substances are now monitored by the European early warning system with 31 new synthetic cathinones and 30 new synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists notified in 2014.

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Section: Detections Of New Psychoactive Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The drug situation in Europe: an overview of data available on illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances from European monitoring in 2015

et al. 2015

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“…Package labels indicated that such products were "not for human consumption", in order to circumvent drug laws and regulation (Vandrey, Dunn, Fry, & Girling, 2012). The synthetic chemicals that were initially added clandestinely to the herb mixtures are today being commercially marketed in their own right (Griffiths, Sedefov, Gallegos, & Lopez, 2010). These chemicals are known by names such as BB-22, 5F-AKB48, STS-135, MMB-CHIMINACA and several others.…”

Section: Synthetic Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From “herbal highs” to the “heroin of cannabis”: Exploring the evolving discourse on synthetic cannabinoid use in a Norwegian Internet drug forum

Bilgrei

2016

International Journal of Drug Policy

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“…Mixtures of these drugs commonly have labels such as 'incense', 'not for human consumption' or 'for aromatherapy only' to try to avoid regulatory oversight [4]. They also often come without declaration of ingredients and some may still come with ingredients list, however it does not contain the true contents because SCs are omitted from them [5]. They have been easy to buy for several years over the internet, or in gas stations or "head shops" [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioanalytical methods for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in biological specimens

Aldlgan

Torrance

2016

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

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Recently the use of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) has increased around the world. As a result, the importance for accurate analysis of SCs in human biological matrices is evident and continues to be especially challenging due to their chemical structures being constantly modified. Many methods have been published recently for the analysis of SCs in human biological samples. This review provides an overview of the analytical methods used for the analysis of SCs and their metabolites in biological specimens with a special focus on chromatographic analysis and sample preparation.Liquid chromatography assay is the most commonly used for confirmation purposes of SCs and their metabolites in biological matrices. In blood and oral fluid, analysis of SCs must be very sensitive. In urine, SCs have extensive metabolism pathways; therefore the main target compounds are their hydroxyl and carboxyl metabolites, which is important to recognise when establishing clinical and forensic toxicology analytical methods.

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How globalization and market innovation challenge how we think about and respond to drug use: ‘Spice’ a case study

Cited by 97 publications

References 6 publications

The drug situation in Europe: an overview of data available on illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances from European monitoring in 2015

The drug situation in Europe: an overview of data available on illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances from European monitoring in 2015

From “herbal highs” to the “heroin of cannabis”: Exploring the evolving discourse on synthetic cannabinoid use in a Norwegian Internet drug forum

Bioanalytical methods for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in biological specimens

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