“…As a preventive measure to curb the spread of the coronavirus, strict social restrictions have been adopted by many countries, such as keeping in place social distancing, remote work, and regional lockdowns ( Kaur et al, 2021 ). As a result, educational institutions around the world have been heavily impacted and forced to adopt a distance-learning approach ( Gillis and Krull, 2020 ; Lederman, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ). However, research suggests that there are many concerns associated with the sudden shift to online teaching, such as technical issues, student disengagement, and time zone differences, which may cause social and technical challenges for both teachers and students ( Fatoni et al, 2020 ; Lemay et al, 2021 ; Naddeo et al, 2021 ).…”