How Morocco Succeeds in Eliminating Schistosomiasis

Tlamçani, Zineb

doi:10.21608/aeji.2013.17313

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Other study reported that lack of knowledge about schistosomiasis, cultural issues, as major source of problem so the motivation and compliance of both population and social workers tend to decline as morbidity become hardly visible. 13…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and knowledge, attitude and practices related to schistosomiasis among primary school children in Chaani village, North “A” District, Zanzibar

Haji

Guddeti

2021

Int J Res Med Sci

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Background: Schistosomiasis is a chronic, parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (Schistosoma species). It has been for along time a neglected tropical disease in most of the sub-Saharan countries.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted between June 2015 to July 2015 at Chaani village in North “A” District. The school children were interviewed to identify activities which expose them frequently to water contact. Study subjects were selected by using stratified random sampling technique. The selected school children were asked to collect urine sample in well-labeled container. The samples were processed in the laboratory by using standard microbiological techniques (syringe filtration then examined by microscopy) and results were recorded, the data was analyzed.Results: Out of 170 School children 62 were infected with Schistosoma haematobium which is the predominant Schistosoma species found in that area. Among the 62, 45 (57.6%) were male and 17 (42.4%) were female. The level of knowledge of respondents on Schistosomiasis transmission is that 70% of school children have high knowledge, 18% have moderate knowledge and 12% have low knowledge. Other parameters were also assessed like bathing habits and knowledge and functions of Schistosomiasis control drug.Conclusions: Males were significantly more affected by the disease than females. Provision of safe water coupled with education of the communities regarding the modes of transmission of the disease and the way to prevent oneself, as well as provision of sanitary facilities, such as latrines may decrease the disease burden.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and knowledge, attitude and practices related to schistosomiasis among primary school children in Chaani village, North “A” District, Zanzibar

Haji

Guddeti

2021

Int J Res Med Sci

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“…Transmission of schistosomiasis ( S. haematobium ) in Morocco has existed since historic times but is reported to have been prevented in 2004 and onwards [ 34 ]. To hinder re-emergence, subjects with positive antibody serology are required to be tested for active infection with sensitive tests.…”

Section: Can Schistosomiasis Be Eliminated?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Elimination of schistosomiasis: the tools required

Bergquist¹,

Zhou

Rollinson

et al. 2017

Infect Dis Poverty

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BackgroundHistorically, the target in the schistosomiasis control has shifted from infection to morbidity, then back to infection, but now as a public health problem, before moving on to transmission control. Currently, all endemic countries are encouraged to increase control efforts and move towards elimination as required by the World Health Organization (WHO) roadmap for the global control of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and the WHA65.21 resolution issued by the World Health Assembly. However, schistosomiasis prevalence is still alarmingly high and the global number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to this infection has in fact increased due to inclusion of some ‘subtle’ clinical symptoms not previously counted.Main bodyThere is a need to restart and improve efforts to reach the elimination goal. To that end, the first conference of the Global Schistosomiasis Alliance (GSA) Research Working Group was held in mid-June 2016 in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. It reviewed current progress in schistosomiasis control and elimination, identified pressing operational research gaps that need to be addressed and discussed new tools and strategies required to make elimination a reality. The articles emanating from the lectures and discussions during this meeting, together with some additional invited papers, have been collected as a special issue of the ‘Infectious Diseases of Poverty’ entitled ‘Schistosomiasis Research: Providing the Tools Needed for Elimination’, consisting of 26 papers in all. This paper refers to these papers and discusses critical questions arising at the conference related to elimination of schistosomiasis.ConclusionThe currently most burning questions are the following: Can schistosomiasis be eliminated? Does it require better, more highly sensitive diagnostics? What is the role of preventive chemotherapy at the elimination stage? Is praziquantel sufficient or do we need new drugs? Contemplating these questions, it is felt that the heterogeneity of the endemic areas in the world requires WHO policies to be upgraded instituting new, differentiated guidelines.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s40249-017-0370-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Morocco, after nearly three decades of effort, was successful in the elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium . Since 2004 no new local cases were reported [4]. In 2009 validation of interruption of transmission was commenced with the initiation of a national serological survey (using enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot, EITB) screening for human antibodies against S. haematobium in children, followed by a national molecular malacology survey analyzing the prevalence of infected snails (the intermediate host).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selecting accurate post-elimination monitoring tools to prevent reemergence of urogenital schistosomiasis in Morocco: a pilot study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAfter alleged stop of transmission of schistosomiasis and further down the line in post elimination settings, sensitive tools are required to monitor infection status to prevent potential re-emergence. In Rahala, where transmission cycle of Schistosoma haematobium is interrupted since 2004 but where 30% of snails are still infected by S. bovis, potential human S. bovis infection can’t be excluded. As methods based on egg-counts do not provide the required sensitivity, antibody or antigen assays are envisaged as the most appropriate tools for this type of monitoring.MethodsIn this pilot study, the performances of three assays were compared: two commercially available antibody tests (ELISA and haemagglutination format) indicating exposure, and an antigen test (lateral flow strip format) demonstrating active infection. All 37 recruited study participants resided in Rahala (Akka, province Tata, Morocco). Participants had been diagnosed and cured from schistosomiasis in the period between 1983 and 2003. In 2015 these asymptomatic participants provided fresh clinical samples (blood and urine) for analysis with the aforementioned diagnostics tests.ResultsNo eggs were identified in the urine of the 37 participants. The haemagglutination test indicated 6 antibody positives whereas the ELISA indicated 28 antibody positives, one indecisive and one false positive. ELISA and haemagglutination results matched for 18 individuals, amongst which 5 out of 6 haemagglutination positives. With the antigen test (performed on paired serum and urine samples), serum from two participants (cured 21 and 32 years ago) indicated the presence of low levels of the highly specific Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen (CAA), demonstrating low worm level infections (less than 5 pg/ml corresponding to probably single worm pair). One tested also CAA positive with urine. ELISA indicated the presence of human anti-Schistosoma antibodies in these two CAA positive cases, haemagglutination results were negative.ConclusionsTo prevent reemergence of schistosomiasis in Morocco current monitoring programs require specific protocols that include testing of antibody positives for active infection by the UCP-LF CAA test, the appropriate diagnostic tool to identify Schistosoma low grade infections in travelers, immigrants and assumed cured cases. The test is genus specific will also identify infections related to S. bovis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0289-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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How Morocco Succeeds in Eliminating Schistosomiasis

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

Prevalence and knowledge, attitude and practices related to schistosomiasis among primary school children in Chaani village, North “A” District, Zanzibar

Prevalence and knowledge, attitude and practices related to schistosomiasis among primary school children in Chaani village, North “A” District, Zanzibar

Elimination of schistosomiasis: the tools required

Selecting accurate post-elimination monitoring tools to prevent reemergence of urogenital schistosomiasis in Morocco: a pilot study

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