How Necessary is the Vasculature in the Life of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells? Evidence from Evolution, Development and the Adult Nervous System

Koutsakis, Christos; Kazanis, Ilias

doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00035

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Mammalian adult neurogenesis occurs at two specific sites, the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. These neurogenic sites are equipped with both germinal layer‐derived NSCs and highly structured neurogenic niches (Bonfanti & Peretto, ; Kempermann, ; Koutsakis & Kazanis, ; Lindsey & Tropepe, ; Ming & Song, ). On the other hand, adult neurogenesis in locations that are putatively nonneurogenic remains a matter of debate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete adult neurogenesis within a Wallerian degenerating nerve expressed as an ectopic ganglion

Nakano

Kurimoto

Kato

et al. 2018

J Tissue Eng Regen Med

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Neurogenesis in the adult peripheral nervous system remains to be demonstrated. We transplanted embryonic neural stem cells into a Wallerian degenerating nerve graft and observed development of a nodular structure consisting of neurons, glia, and Schwann cells. Histological analysis revealed a structure loosely resembling the spinal cord, including a synaptic network that formed along the neuron. Furthermore, the new axons reinnervated the paralysed muscle, forming both de novo and revived neuromuscular junctions. Reinnervation of the paralysed muscle resulted in significantly greater mean wet muscle weight and muscle fibre cross-sectional area on the cell transplantation side than on the surgical control side (body weight 0.071 ± 0.011% vs. 0.051 ± 0.007%, p = .006; area 355.6 ± 345.2 vs. 114.0 ± 132.0 μm , p < .001). Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated a functional connection between the neurons and muscle; hence, we identified this nodule as an ectopic ganglion. Surprisingly, in green rat experiments, most of these glial cells, but none of the neurons, expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein, suggesting that the cells constituting the ectopic ganglion were derived from both transplanted stem cells and endogenous stem cells. Such adult neurogenesis in a peripheral nerve related to neural stem cell transplantation has not been reported previously, and these results form the basis for a novel regenerative medicine approach in paralysed muscle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete adult neurogenesis within a Wallerian degenerating nerve expressed as an ectopic ganglion

Nakano

Kurimoto

Kato

et al. 2018

J Tissue Eng Regen Med

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“…Endothelial BDNF also attracts neuroblasts and netrin-1 is required for oligodendroglial progenitor migration to the corpus callosum (Figure 3). 100 Conditioned media from vascular cell cultures promote neuronal differentiation, as does the basic helix-loop-helix proneural transcription factor Neurod1. Post-stroke angiogenesis has been observed in patients 101,102 and mechanisms similar to how axonal growth cones explore their surroundings have been described with tip cells sensing guidance cues.…”

Section: Structural Remodeling In Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

Post-stroke remodeling processes in animal models and humans

Cirillo

Brihmat

Castel-Lacanal

et al. 2019

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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After cerebral ischemia, events like neural plasticity and tissue reorganization intervene in lesioned and non-lesioned areas of the brain. These processes are tightly related to functional improvement and successful rehabilitation in patients. Plastic remodeling in the brain is associated with limited spontaneous functional recovery in patients. Improvement depends on the initial deficit, size, nature and localization of the infarction, together with the sex and age of the patient, all of them affecting the favorable outcome of reorganization and repair of damaged areas. A better understanding of cerebral plasticity is pivotal to design effective therapeutic strategies. Experimental models and clinical studies have fueled the current understanding of the cellular and molecular processes responsible for plastic remodeling. In this review, we describe the known mechanisms, in patients and animal models, underlying cerebral reorganization and contributing to functional recovery after ischemic stroke. We also discuss the manipulations and therapies that can stimulate neural plasticity. We finally explore a new topic in the field of ischemic stroke pathophysiology, namely the brain-gut axis.

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“…Then, Tsai et al reported that physical interactions with ECs are required for OPC migration and differentiation [25]. Afterwards, several studies demonstrated that destruction of oligovascular niche triggered CNS inflammation, blocked oligodendroglial differentiation, caused cerebral small vessel disease vulnerability, and aggravated white matter damage [26][27][28][29]. Here, we reported conditioned media from OGD-ECs caused OPC apoptosis in vitro.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Conditioned medium-preconditioned EPCs enhanced the ability in oligovascular repair in cerebral ischemia neonatal rats

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2021

Stem Cell Res Ther

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Background Oligovascular niche mediates interactions between cerebral endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Disruption of OPC-endothelium trophic coupling may aggravate the progress of cerebral white matter injury (WMI) because endothelial cells could not provide sufficient support under diseased conditions. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been reported to ameliorate WMI in the adult brain by boosting oligovascular remodeling. It is necessary to clarify the role of the conditioned medium from hypoxic endothelial cells preconditioned EPCs (EC-pEPCs) in WMI since EPCs usually were recruited and play important roles under blood-brain barrier disruption. Here, we investigated the effects of EC-pEPCs on oligovascular remodeling in a neonatal rat model of WMI. Methods In vitro, OPC apoptosis induced by the conditioned medium from oxygen-glucose deprivation-injured brain microvascular endothelial cells (OGD-EC-CM) was analyzed by TUNEL and FACS. The effects of EPCs on EC damage and the expression of cytomokine C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12) were examined by western blot and FACS. The effect of the CM from EC-pEPCs against OPC apoptosis was also verified by western blot and silencing RNA. In vivo, P3 rat pups were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation and hypoxia and treated with EPCs or EC-pEPCs at P7, and then angiogenesis and myelination together with cognitive outcome were evaluated at the 6th week. Results In vitro, EPCs enhanced endothelial function and decreased OPC apoptosis. Meanwhile, it was confirmed that OGD-EC-CM induced an increase of CXCL12 in EPCs, and CXCL12-CXCR4 axis is a key signaling since CXCR4 knockdown alleviated the anti-apoptosis effect of EPCs on OPCs. In vivo, the number of EPCs and CXCL12 protein level markedly increased in the WMI rats. Compared to the EPCs, EC-pEPCs significantly decreased OPC apoptosis, increased vascular density and myelination in the corpus callosum, and improved learning and memory deficits in the neonatal rat WMI model. Conclusions EC-pEPCs more effectively promote oligovascular remodeling and myelination via CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in the neonatal rat WMI model.

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How Necessary is the Vasculature in the Life of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells? Evidence from Evolution, Development and the Adult Nervous System

Cited by 19 publications

References 75 publications

Complete adult neurogenesis within a Wallerian degenerating nerve expressed as an ectopic ganglion

Complete adult neurogenesis within a Wallerian degenerating nerve expressed as an ectopic ganglion

Post-stroke remodeling processes in animal models and humans

Conditioned medium-preconditioned EPCs enhanced the ability in oligovascular repair in cerebral ischemia neonatal rats

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