How regional organizations cope with recurrent stress: the case of South America

Abstract

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Brazil’s Strategic Diplomacy Failures and Foreign Policy Underachievement under Bolsonaro

“…More broadly, South American regionalism 'seemed to be overstressed' even before Bolsonaro's election (Nolte and Weiffen 2021). Shortly after his election, unsurprisingly, Bolsonaro indicated the intention to turn his back on Mercosur and South America more broadly.…”

“…In early 2019, he abandoned engagement with the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), an organisation that Brazil had founded barely a decade earlier. In 2020, Brazil also withdrew from the Community of Latin American and Caribbean Nations (CELAC) due to 'ideological differences' (Nolte and Weiffen 2021).…”

Back to sovereignty? Policy space in investor-State dispute settlement

“…Two examples may be illustrative. From the Global South, the most well-known cases are Bolivia (2007-present) and Ecuador (2009-2021) The second example comes from the EU, a supranational process that was never characterized by the "excessive protection of national sovereignty", as Nolte and Weiffen (2021) defined Latin American regionalism. After barely sixty years of European integration, the defense of the regional policy space 10 in the UE is built after the Achmea case (C-284/16), in which the Court of Justice of the EU stated that investor-State arbitration mechanism in the BIT between Slovakia and the Netherlands is contrary to EU law.…”

Crisis and changes in international governance in the dawn of the 21st century: rethinking the spheres of international politics

“…Evidently, a fundamental shift in the crises affecting the international governance is that the factual and analytical level will incorporate an enlargement that encompasses the global, the state and even the region. Nolte and Weiffen (2021) analyze the impact of crisis in regionalism which can induce regionalism or serve as a pushback against it. What is interesting from this perspective is a nuanced view on the impact of the crisis in regionalism, as well as an emerging research agenda on similarities and differences on how regionalisms respond to crisis and which factors affect the type of responses presented.…”