“…Blake, Elton, and Gruber [1993] find underperformance in the United States from 1979 to 1988; Dahlquist, Engstrom, and Soderlind [2000] observe underperformance in Sweden from 1992 to 1997; Huij and Derwall [2008] generally observe negative alphas in their U.S. sample from 1990 to 2003; and, in a large sample with the longest time frame, Chen and Qin [2012] find negative alphas in U.S. corporate bond funds from 1991 to 2009. Blake, Elton, and Gruber [1993] find underperformance in the United States from 1979 to 1988; Dahlquist, Engstrom, and Soderlind [2000] observe underperformance in Sweden from 1992 to 1997; Huij and Derwall [2008] generally observe negative alphas in their U.S. sample from 1990 to 2003; and, in a large sample with the longest time frame, Chen and Qin [2012] find negative alphas in U.S. corporate bond funds from 1991 to 2009.…”