How to Do Random Allocation (Randomization)

Kim, Jeehyoung; Shin, WonShik

doi:10.4055/cios.2014.6.1.103

Cited by 381 publications

(272 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Rats were numbered from 1 to 15, and then assigned to one of three groups labeled A, B, and C. The software essentially assigned a rat (via its identifier number) to each group until all had five rats each. Notice that a randomized sequence does not contain duplicates (Kim and Shin ). No exclusion criteria were pre‐determined and no animals died during the experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous inflammation differentially regulates the expression and function of Angiotensin‐II types 1 and 2 receptors in rat primary sensory neurons

Benitez

Seltzer

Messina

et al. 2019

Journal of Neurochemistry

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Neuropathic and inflammatory pain results from cellular and molecular changes in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The type‐2 receptor for Angiotensin‐II (AT2R) has been involved in this type of pain. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, including the role of the type‐1 receptor for Angiotensin‐II (AT1R). Here, we used a combination of immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry, RT‐PCR and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological manipulation to examine how cutaneous inflammation affected the expression of AT1R and AT2R in subpopulations of rat DRG neurons and studied their impact on inflammation‐induced neuritogenesis. We demonstrated that AT2R‐neurons express C‐ or A‐neuron markers, primarily IB4, trkA, and substance‐P. AT1R expression was highest in small neurons and co‐localized significantly with AT2R. In vitro, an inflammatory soup caused significant elevation of AT2R mRNA, whereas AT1R mRNA levels remained unchanged. In vivo, we found a unique pattern of change in the expression of AT1R and AT2R after cutaneous inflammation. AT2R increased in small neurons at 1 day and in medium size neurons at 4 days. Interestingly, cutaneous inflammation increased AT1R levels only in large neurons at 4 days. We found that in vitro and in vivo AT1R and AT2R acted co‐operatively to regulate DRG neurite outgrowth. In vivo, AT2R inhibition impacted more on non‐peptidergic C‐neurons neuritogenesis, whereas AT1R blockade affected primarily peptidergic nerve terminals. Thus, cutaneous‐induced inflammation regulated AT1R and AT2R expression and function in different DRG neuronal subpopulations at different times. These findings must be considered when targeting AT1R and AT2R to treat chronic inflammatory pain. Cover Image for this issue: doi: .

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous inflammation differentially regulates the expression and function of Angiotensin‐II types 1 and 2 receptors in rat primary sensory neurons

Benitez

Seltzer

Messina

et al. 2019

Journal of Neurochemistry

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“…Animals were randomly allocated to experimental or control groups, as described in Kim and Shin. 22 In all experiments the investigators were blinded to animal condition. A coded key of all specimens evaluated was kept and not shared with the investigators performing the experiments until data analyses were completed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropathic pain after chronic nerve constriction may not correlate with chloride dysregulation in mouse trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons

Castro

Liu

Raver

et al. 2017

Pain

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Changes in chloride reversal potential in rat spinal cord neurons have previously been associated with persistent pain in nerve injury and inflammation models. These changes correlate with a decrease in the expression of the potassium chloride transporter, KCC2, and with increases in neuronal excitability. Here, we test the hypothesis that similar changes occur in mice with neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of the trigeminal infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). This model allows us to distinguish an acute pain phase (3-5 days after injury) from a persistent pain phase (12-14 days after CCI-ION). Chronic constriction injury of the trigeminal infraorbital nerve induced significant decreases in mechanical pain thresholds in both the acute and persistent phases. To estimate GABAA reversal potentials in neurons from trigeminal nucleus caudalis, we obtained perforated patch recordings in vitro. GABAA reversal potential decreased by 8% during the acute phase in unidentified neurons, but not in GABAergic interneurons. However, at 12 to 14 days after CCI-ION, GABAA reversal potential recovered to normal values. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed no significant changes, at either 3 to 5 days or 12 to 14 days after CCI-ION, in either KCC2 or NKCC1. These findings suggest that CCI-ION in mice results in transient and modest changes in chloride reversal potentials, and that these changes may not persist during the late phase. This suggests that, in the mouse model of CCI-ION, chloride dysregulation may not have a prominent role in the central mechanisms leading to the maintenance of chronic pain.

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“…14 Excel programı kullanılarak randomizasyon tablosu hazırlandı. 15 Öncelikle simetrik dişler eşleştirildi. Daha sonra eşleştirilen dişler FDI sistemine göre olan numaraları doğrultusunda randomizasyon tablosunda küçük-ten büyüğe doğru sıralandı.…”

Section: Deneklerin Gruplara Atanması (Randomizasyon)unclassified

Servi̇kal Çürüksüz Lezyonlardaki̇ Cam İyonomer Restorasyonlarin Kli̇ni̇k Performansinin Ön Değerlendi̇rmesi̇: 1 Yillik Randomi̇ze Kontrollü Çalişma

ÇELİK¹,

Yılmaz²,

AKA³

2016

Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi

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How to Do Random Allocation (Randomization)

Abstract: PurposeTo explain the concept and procedure of random allocation as used in a randomized controlled study.MethodsWe explain the general concept of random allocation and demonstrate how to perform the procedure easily and how to report it in a paper.

Cited by 381 publications

References 2 publications

Cutaneous inflammation differentially regulates the expression and function of Angiotensin‐II types 1 and 2 receptors in rat primary sensory neurons

Cutaneous inflammation differentially regulates the expression and function of Angiotensin‐II types 1 and 2 receptors in rat primary sensory neurons

Neuropathic pain after chronic nerve constriction may not correlate with chloride dysregulation in mouse trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons

Servi̇kal Çürüksüz Lezyonlardaki̇ Cam İyonomer Restorasyonlarin Kli̇ni̇k Performansinin Ön Değerlendi̇rmesi̇: 1 Yillik Randomi̇ze Kontrollü Çalişma

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