How to Face the Outbreak of Viral Hepatitis A in Men Who Have Sex With Men in France Without Vaccines?

Serologic responses and effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination among human immunodeficiency virus–positive individuals during the outbreak of acute hepatitis A

“…Furthermore, the reemerging outbreaks recently have constrained vaccine supply in several nonendemic countries. In this study, one dose of HAV vaccine was shown to be effective at preventing acute HAV infection during an outbreak with a reduction rate of 96%. Two doses of HAV vaccine could further increase the effectiveness with a reduction rate of 100%.…”

“…HAV‐seronegative, HIV‐positive adults were advised to undergo two‐dose HAV vaccination at their own expense during the study period. However, the limited access to HAV vaccines in nonendemic countries led to vaccine shortages during outbreaks . Delivery of two‐dose HAV vaccines was separated by at least 6 months and used HAVRIX 1440 enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay units (GlaxoSmithKline, Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium), which was substituted by VAQTA 50 units (Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA) since May 19, 2016, due to a shortage of HAVRIX.…”

“…However, the limited access to HAV vaccines in nonendemic countries led to vaccine shortages during outbreaks. (5,21,22) Delivery of two-dose HAV vaccines was separated by at least 6 months and used HAVRIX 1440 enzymelinked immunosorbent assay units (GlaxoSmithKline, Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium), which was substituted by VAQTA 50 units (Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA) since May 19, 2016, due to a shortage of HAVRIX. After vaccination, follow-up of anti-HAV IgG was determined between 4 and 24 weeks; afterward, the second dose of HAV vaccine was administered, followed by the determinations of anti-HAV IgG at weeks 28-36 and 48.…”

“…While most outbreaks were traced to contaminated foods, several outbreaks have been reported among men who have sex with men (MSM) and injecting drug users (IDUs) who were engaged in oral–anal sex and use of contaminated illicit drugs, respectively . Outbreaks of acute hepatitis A among those at‐risk populations have been described since the 1980s and have reemerged across the Asia‐Pacific region, the United States, and several European countries since 2015 . In Taiwan, an unprecedented outbreak with more than 1,000 indigenous cases of acute hepatitis A occurred in 2015‐2016, which was characterized by a high proportion of MSM and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive individuals .…”

“…(4) Outbreaks of acute hepatitis A among those at-risk populations have been described since the 1980s and have reemerged across the Asia-Pacific region, the United States, and several European countries since 2015. (4)(5)(6)(7) In Taiwan, an unprecedented outbreak with more than 1,000 indigenous cases of acute hepatitis A occurred in 2015-2016, which was characterized by a high proportion of MSM and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. (8)(9)(10) Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the outbreak strains in Taiwan and The Netherlands were identical, suggesting that HAV might have been transmitted through sexual networks and international travel.…”