“…Due to the multiplicity of forms that participation in a social group such as a brand community can assume, it is not surprising that when brand community participation is implied in empirical studies, this concept is defined and operationalized in many different ways. These include the intentional or actual level of engagement with the brand community (Bagozzi & Dholakia, 2006;Sánchez-Franco, Buitrago-Esquinas, & Yñiguez, 2012;Hwang, Han, & Hyun, 2018;Carlson, Wyllie, Rahman, & Voola, 2019); the participation in a community's traditions, rituals and activities (Madupu & Cooley, 2010;Hedlund, 2014;Hwang et al, 2018); the frequency with which members take part in community life (Pai & Tsai, 2011) and the time spent within it (Carlson et al, 2019); the willingness to respond to calls (Sánchez-Franco et al, 2012), to exchange information (Yeh & Choi, 2011;Chang, Hsieh, & Lin, 2013;Pasternak et al, 2017) and to help others (Casaló et al, 2007;Yeh & Choi, 2011;Pai & Tsai, 2011;Chang et al, 2013;Carlson et al, 2019); the active role in value co-creation activities (Nambisan & Baron, 2009;Liao et al, 2017) or -more generally -the willingness of community members to engage in pro-brand community citizenship behaviors (Wong, Yacine Haddoud, Kwok, & He, 2018).…”