How visual images of chocolate affect the craving and guilt of female dieters

Fletcher, Ben; Pine, Karen J.; Woodbridge, Zoe; Nash, Avril

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.09.002

Cited by 51 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Chocolate has a strong effect on mood, generally increasing pleasant feelings and reducing tension (Osman and Sobal, 2006; Parker et al, 2006b; Cartwright et al, 2007; Fletcher et al, 2007). Chocolate contains psychoactive chemicals such as andamines that stimulate the brain and result in good mood (Ottley, 2000).…”

Section: Central Nervous System In Regulation Of Mood Food and Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mood, food, and obesity

2014

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Food is a potent natural reward and food intake is a complex process. Reward and gratification associated with food consumption leads to dopamine (DA) production, which in turn activates reward and pleasure centers in the brain. An individual will repeatedly eat a particular food to experience this positive feeling of gratification. This type of repetitive behavior of food intake leads to the activation of brain reward pathways that eventually overrides other signals of satiety and hunger. Thus, a gratification habit through a favorable food leads to overeating and morbid obesity. Overeating and obesity stems from many biological factors engaging both central and peripheral systems in a bi-directional manner involving mood and emotions. Emotional eating and altered mood can also lead to altered food choice and intake leading to overeating and obesity. Research findings from human and animal studies support a two-way link between three concepts, mood, food, and obesity. The focus of this article is to provide an overview of complex nature of food intake where various biological factors link mood, food intake, and brain signaling that engages both peripheral and central nervous system signaling pathways in a bi-directional manner in obesity.

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Section: Central Nervous System In Regulation Of Mood Food and Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mood, food, and obesity

2014

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“…However, an alternative conceptualization might emphasize the qualitative aspect of dietary restraint, namely the attempted abstinence of binge eaters from 'forbidden,' palatable foods (Kales, 1990;Knight and Boland, 1989;Fletcher et al, 2007;Mitchell and Brunstrom, 2005;Gonzalez and Vitousek, 2004;Stirling and Yeomans 2004;Corwin, 2006;Corwin and Buda-Levin, 2004). Binge eaters restrict their intake of 'forbidden' foods to the point that 'relapse' intake is limited to very brief, often ritualized, binge episodes, perhaps precipitated by mild energy restriction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid-Dependent Anticipatory Negative Contrast and Binge-Like Eating in Rats with Limited Access to Highly Preferred Food

Cottone

Sabino

Steardo

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

137

149

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Binge eating and an increased role for palatability in determining food intake are abnormal adaptations in feeding behavior linked to eating disorders and body weight dysregulation. The present study tested the hypothesis that rats with limited access to highly preferred food would develop analogous opioid-dependent learned adaptations in feeding behavior, with associated changes in metabolism and anxiety-like behavior. For this purpose, adolescent female Wistar rats were daily food deprived (2 h) and then offered 10-min access to a feeder containing chow followed sequentially by 10-min access to a different feeder containing either chow (chow/chow; n ¼ 7) or a highly preferred, but macronutrient-comparable, sucrose-rich diet (chow/preferred; n ¼ 8). Chow/preferred-fed rats developed binge-like hyperphagia of preferred diet from the second feeder and anticipatory chow hypophagia from the first feeder with a time course suggesting associative learning. The feeding adaptations were dissociable in onset, across individuals, and in their dose-response to the opioid-receptor antagonist nalmefene, suggesting that they represent distinct palatability-motivated processes. Chow/preferred-fed rats showed increased anxiety-like behavior in relation to their propensity to binge as well as increased feed efficiency, body weight, and visceral adiposity. Chow/preferred-fed rats also had increased circulating leptin levels and decreased growth hormone and 'active' ghrelin levels. Thus, the short-term control of food intake in rats with restricted access to highly preferred foods comes to rely more on hedonic, rather than nutritional, properties of food, through associative learning mechanisms. Such rats show changes in ingestive, metabolic, endocrine, and anxiety-related measures, which resemble features of binge eating disorders or obesity.

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“…The resulting weight gain often causes more psychological and physical damage, and motivates many people to blame themselves for the failure and once again turn to the questionable diet industry in subsequent attempts to lose weight. Supporting this phenomenon are the results of Fletcher, Pine, Woodbridge, and Nash (2007) who found that of the 67 percent of women who had previously been on a diet, 68 percent had tried to lose weight between one to four times, 16 percent between four to seven times, and 15 percent had tried to lose weight more than seven times. The modal age group for participants in this study was 16 -20 years.…”

Section: Implications For Preventionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Understanding obesity: Psychological cues and antecedents of eating behaviour

Cranston¹

2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Obesity has been described by the World Health Organisation as a global epidemic, and is perceived as a major health concern due to the associated medical, psychosocial, and economic problems. One approach of understanding obesity is directed towards exploring the psychological and social determinants underlying nonhungry eating (NHE) (eating without physical sensations associated with hunger) and overeating (eating past the physiological sensations of fullness). The immediate psychosocial cues that trigger NHE and overeating, along with the psychosocial antecedents that influence NHE and overeating have been found to be important contributors to obesity.This research incorporated two studies. Study 1 involved self-report questionnaires comparing the antecedents and cues that influence NHE and overeating among men and women who were obese, overweight, and of a healthy weight (HWR). Study 2 adopted a case study approach to explore individual antecedents and triggers of NHE and overeating among three obese participants.Findings indicated that HWR, overweight, and obese people differed in the antecedents and cues that influenced their eating behaviours, which were particularly borne out in quantitative data. In addition, females and males differed in their reported antecedents and cues. For example, across all three weight groups, more females than males were restricting their food intake in attempt to lose weight, which can result in future NHE and overeating. In addition, overweight females reported the highest levels of non-hungry eating, emotional eating and external eating, compared to all other groups. Males of a healthy weight reported the lowest amounts of both NHE and restrained eating of the six groups (crossing 2 x gender and 3 x weight groups).Interestingly, eating in response to external cues was least common in overweight ii males. Compared to the other weight groups, more overweight participants reported they ate quickly and at predetermined times, and that food had been used as a reward or to soothe pain throughout childhood. Overweight participants ate more frequently in response to positive emotions and experienced more negative emotions after overeating than healthy weight or obese participants.Although distinct patterns of eating behaviour were observed for males and females within the separate weight categories, variability was also evident within the groups, suggesting that despite having similar body mass indexes, antecedents and cues that maintain individuals' weights vary.Results of the qualitative study also highlight the diverse cues and antecedents that can contribute to an individual becoming and maintaining an obese weight. What is clear from both studies is that no one eating pattern typifies a particular weight group, in the case of healthy, overweight, or obese individuals. In addition, people who are overweight need to become a priority for obesity research, in order to increase the understanding of the psychology of why and how people transgress from an overweight to an ob...

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How visual images of chocolate affect the craving and guilt of female dieters

Cited by 51 publications

References 29 publications

Mood, food, and obesity

Mood, food, and obesity

Opioid-Dependent Anticipatory Negative Contrast and Binge-Like Eating in Rats with Limited Access to Highly Preferred Food

Understanding obesity: Psychological cues and antecedents of eating behaviour

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