How well can time-lapse seismic characterize a small CO2 leakage into a saline aquifer: CO2CRC Otway 2C experiment (Victoria, Australia)

An automated system for continuous monitoring of CO2 geosequestration using multi-well offset VSP with permanent seismic sources and receivers: Stage 3 of the CO2CRC Otway Project

“…The improved understanding of the Lower Paaratte formation and capabilities of the SOVs and DAS-based offset VSP underpinned the design of Stage 3 seismic monitoring system. The system aims to provide optimal coverage (number of seismic rays reflecting from a given area of the subsurface) over the CO 2 plume predicted by the pre-injection reservoir simulations (Bagheri et al, 2020).…”

“…To simulate a leakage, 15,000 tonnes of supercritical CO 2 /CH 4 (80/20 by molar volume) mixture (referred to as CO 2 below) will be injected into a saline clastic aquifer at 1550m. Then CO 2 is expected to quickly move up-dip and form a relatively narrow plume elongated along an impermeable fault (Bagheri et al, 2020). Such a rapidly evolving plume provides a good test for the capabilities of the multi-well offset VSP.…”

“…Installation of the monitoring system was completed in February (Bagheri et al, 2020), and includes nine sources permanently deployed on the surface and five ~1600 m wells instrumented with advanced DAS systems (Figure 1).…”

Toward Automated Early Detection of Risks for a CO2 Plume Containment From Permanent Seismic Monitoring Data

“…Glubokovskikh, Pevzner, et al. (2019) showed that 3D plume morphology extracted from the Otway 2C data is likely missing edges thinner than 8 m due to imperfect data repeatability and approximate nature of the inversion algorithms: a situation similar to active seismic characterization of hydraulic fractures Oelke et al. (2013).…”

Seismic tuning of dispersive thin layers

“…It should be noted that we do not consider different dissipation mechanisms that is due to solid–solid friction or contact‐line movement (Winkler and Nur, 1982; Rozhko, 2020) in which dispersion depends on wave amplitude rather than frequency, but postpone such considerations for future work. Likewise, the wedge model we discuss here is assumed homogeneous although this is not always the case, particularly in the context of CO 2 monitoring (Glubokovskikh et al ., 2020).…”