Howard Andrew Knox and the origins of performance testing on Ellis Island, 1912-1916.

Richardson, John T. E.

doi:10.1037/1093-4510.6.2.143

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Our findings suggest that the exclusion from research based on literacy penalizes the enrolment of women, especially in dementia trials, where the average age of participants is markedly higher than in studies in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. All in all, the large number of women with dementia from low-educated populations demands for the adaptions of these assessment tools for illiterate patients [ 35 , 36 ]. The use cognitive tests validated in low-educated populations could not only improve the representativeness of women in dementia trials, but also allow for the enrolment of a more diverse sample of subjects for a higher generalizability of findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of sex and gender in the selection of Alzheimer patients for clinical trial pre-screening

et al. 2021

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Background Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the elderly with a prevalence of 7.1% in women and 3.3% in men. Sex-related patterns have been reported in prognosis, biomarker status, and risk factors. Despite this, the interaction of sex has received limited attention, with AD trials persistently recruiting lower numbers of women than the population distribution and a lack of information on the sex-disaggregated effects of anti-dementia therapies. This is the first study aiming to identify the role of sex in the selection for screening in AD clinical trials. Methods This cross-sectional study provides a comprehensive analysis of screening eligibility according to a set of pre-selection criteria currently applied at Fundació ACE memory clinic for a more efficient trial screening process. A cohort of 6667 women and 2926 men diagnosed with AD dementia (55%) or mild cognitive impairment (45%) was analyzed. We also assessed the frequencies of men and women effectively screened for trial enrolment over a period of 10 years. Additionally, data from AddNeuroMed study was used to explore trends in eligibility based on the education criteria. Results Women showed a significantly lower chance of being eligible for screening than men (OR = 1.26; p < 0.01). This imbalance was confirmed by a lower frequency of women screened for enrolment compared to the study population (63.0% vs. 69.5%). Education was revealed as the key criterion contributing to this unbalance, with men showing over twice the chance of being screened compared with women (OR = 2.25, p < 0.01). Education-based differences were greater in earlier born patients, but the gap narrowed and achieved balance with increasing year of birth. This observation was replicated using data from other European populations included in AddNeuroMed study. Comorbidity was the most limiting criterion with sex differences in frequencies and significant discrimination against the selection of men (OR = 0.86, p < 0.01). Conclusions The large number of low-educated elderly women with AD demands for a sex-focused approach in clinical research. New assessment tools insensitive to education level should be developed to enable a proportional representation of women. Although this gender education gap is mostly inexistent in developed countries, economic or cultural factors may lead to different scenarios in other regions. Overlooking the impact of sex may lead to a handicap in AD research with a direct adverse impact on women’s health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of sex and gender in the selection of Alzheimer patients for clinical trial pre-screening

et al. 2021

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“…New diagnostic performance tests were developed for Ellis Island officers' use that in part 'allowed for' ethnicity: 'The Imbecile Test', 'The Moron Test', as well as an Ink-Blot imagination test. 68 At the end of the day, wrote Ellis Island inspector Howard Knox, the detection of the 'moron or higher defective' was vastly more important than the detection of the 'insane': the latter, he thought, would come to be recognised soon enough and would find their way into an asylum anyway and might thereafter be deported. 69 C.P.…”

Section: Insanity and Ethnicity In The United Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insanity and Immigration Restriction

Bashford¹

2013

Migration, Health and Ethnicity in the Modern World

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“…There are many studies related to the intelligence of humans . Based on a comprehensive study of the scientific literature, we can conclude that a universal understanding of the human intelligence does not exist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8][9][10][11] There are many studies related to the intelligence of humans. [12][13][14][15][16] Based on a comprehensive study of the scientific literature, we can conclude that a universal understanding of the human intelligence does not exist. There is no possibility of a full modeling of the human brain based on its enormous complexity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MetrIntPair-A Novel Accurate Metric for the Comparison of Two Cooperative Multiagent Systems Intelligence Based on Paired Intelligence Measurements

Iantovics

Rotar

Niazi

2017

Int. J. Intell. Syst.

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In this paper, we propose a novel metric called MetrIntPair (Metric for Pairwise Intelligence Comparison of Agent‐Based Systems) for comparison of two cooperative multiagent systems problem‐solving intelligence. MetrIntPair is able to make an accurate comparison by taking into consideration the variability in intelligence in problem‐solving. The metric could treat the outlier intelligence indicators, intelligence measures that are statistically different from those others. For evaluation of the proposed metric, we realized a case study for two cooperative multiagent systems applied for solving a class of NP‐hard problems. The results of the case study proved that the small difference in the measured intelligence of the multiagent systems is the consequence of the variability. There is no statistical difference between the intelligence quotients/level of the multiagent systems. Both multiagent systems should be classified in the same intelligence class.

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Howard Andrew Knox and the origins of performance testing on Ellis Island, 1912-1916.

Cited by 12 publications

References 72 publications

The role of sex and gender in the selection of Alzheimer patients for clinical trial pre-screening

The role of sex and gender in the selection of Alzheimer patients for clinical trial pre-screening

Insanity and Immigration Restriction

MetrIntPair-A Novel Accurate Metric for the Comparison of Two Cooperative Multiagent Systems Intelligence Based on Paired Intelligence Measurements

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