HR-LC-MS based profiling of phytochemicals from methanol extracts of leaves and bark of Myristica dactyloides Gaertn. from Western Ghats of Karnataka, India

Abstract

Untargeted profiling of phytochemicals from plant extracts would aid in the exploration of various groups of compounds and assist in the identification of new bioactive compounds, reducing the redundancy in compound identification. The potential bioactive phytochemicals present in Myristica dactyloides, an endemic ethnomedicinal plant widely used in traditional treatment practices, were explored and cataloged in this study. The untargeted phytochemical profile of active methanolic leaves and bark extracts was assessed by Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-offlight mass spectrometry. Preliminary screening results highlighted the high efficiency of methanolic extract as an effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, along with a remarkable amount of total phenolics and flavonoid content. Thus, the methanolic extracts of leaves and bark samples were further subjected to catalog its chemical constituents through untargeted metabolite profiling. Analysis of high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer spectra, exhibited 3,813 and 1,797 molecular features in the ESI+ mode with clean retention time-exact mass, resulted in identifying 35 major therapeutically important common compounds for the first time in both leaves and bark extracts of M. dactyloides, fitting to major groups like lignans, neolignans, phenylpropanoids, diarylnonanoid, flavonoids, and others. Our results prove the presence of Myoinositol, Malabaricone B, Malabaricone C, Malabaricone D, and 1-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)-9-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) nonan-1-one previously reported from M. dactyloides, along with promising chemical signatures like Monotropein, Austrobailignan 7, Fragransol B, Guaiacin, Myricanone, Nectandrin A, Argenteane, and Epicatechin to the phytochemical catalog of M. dactyloides. Furthermore, our research not only confirms the existence of previously known molecules and adds new phytochemicals, but it also sheds light on the wide application of M. dactyloides for possible bio-prospecting for a new chemical entity.

Phenolic Biotransformations in Wheatgrass Juice after Primary and Secondary Fermentation

“…In the present study, important secondary metabolites (such as 2,4-dimethylphenol, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, avenasterol, fragransin D1, fraxetin-7-O-sulfate, fucosterol, luteolin-8-C-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside-4-vinyl (epi) catechin, myricetin 7-O-pentoside, myricetin 7-O-rhamnoside, neotigogenin acetate, peonidin 3-O-sambioside-5-O-glucoside, rhein, spermidine-N-1,10-di-caffeic acid-N5-p-coumaric acid and spermidine-N-5,10-di-p-coumaric acid-N-1-caffeic acid) were generated only after secondary fermentation, whereas wheatgrass metabolites (such as 2-methyl-4,6- dinitrophenol, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, avenasterol, fraxetin-7-O-sulfate, fucosterol and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid) were also regenerated in the secondary fermentation process. Application of two-stage fermentation process resulted in development of secondary metabolites with already proven therapeutic activities (such as anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and osteoprotective), in addition to enhancement of aroma, colour intensity and fragrance of the finished product [ 1 , 29 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]; refer to Supplementary Table S1 for more detail.…”

“…The samples were tested on C18 waters column (Acquity BEH 2.1 × 100 mm, particle size 1.7 µm) using an injector volume of 5 microlitres at Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF), Punjab University, Chandigarh, India. A gradient mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water (solvent A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile containing 10% water (solvent B) was applied to the column for LC-MS-MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis [ 29 ]. It was introduced in the system at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min using the following solvent gradient: for 0 min 90/10, 2 min 90/10, 5 min 80/20, 10 min 70/30, 12 min 50/50 and 14 min 10/90 for solvents A and B, respectively.…”

“…The following supporting information can be downloaded at: , Table S1: Detection of secondary metabolites in fermented wheatgrass juice using LC-MS-MALDI-TOF/TOF and their characteristics [ 29 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ...…”

Acylphenols and Dimeric Acylphenols from the Genus Myristica: A Review of Their Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

“…The plants of the genus Myristica, in particular, the fruits and, to a lesser extent, the leaves and bark, have been extensively used in folk medicine in Asia to treat many ailments such as rheumatism, muscle spasm, decreased appetite, jaundice, skin diseases, anxiety, depression, coughs, bronchitis, asthma, fever, burning sensations, kidney disorders, liver disorders, to improve digestion, to promote wound healing, and to manage GI conditions such as colic, nausea, diarrhea, and flatulence [6,7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”