Human and Porcine Transmission of <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Ribotype 078, Europe

Moloney, Geraldine; Eyre, David W; Aogáin, Micheál Mac; McElroy, M.; Vaughan, Alison; Tea., Peto; Crook, Derrick W.; Rogers, Thomas R.

doi:10.3201/eid2709.203468

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A limited example of this was recently seen in a study of clinical and porcine isolates from Ireland. 15 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection prevention and control insights from a decade of pathogen whole-genome sequencing

Eyre

2022

Journal of Hospital Infection

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Pathogen whole-genome sequencing has become an important tool for understanding the transmission and epidemiology of infectious diseases. It has improved our understanding of sources of infection and transmission routes for important healthcare-associated pathogens, including Clostridioides difficile and Staphylococcus aureus . Transmission from known infected or colonised patients in hospitals may explain fewer cases than previously thought and multiple introductions of these pathogens from the community may play a greater a role. The findings have had important implications for infection prevention and control. Sequencing has identified heterogeneity within pathogen species, with some subtypes transmitting and persisting in hospitals better than others. It has identified sources of infection in healthcare-associated outbreaks of food-borne pathogens, Candida auris and Mycobacterium chimera , as well as individuals or groups involved in transmission and historical sources of infection. SARS-CoV-2 sequencing has been central to tracking variants during the COVID-19 pandemic and has helped understand transmission to and from patients and healthcare workers despite prevention efforts. Metagenomic sequencing is an emerging technology for culture-independent diagnosis of infection and antimicrobial resistance. In future, sequencing is likely to become more accessible and widely available. Real-time use in hospitals may allow infection prevention and control teams to identify transmission and to target interventions. It may also provide surveillance and infection control benchmarking. Attention to ethical and well-being issues arising from sequencing identifying individuals involved in transmission is important. Pathogen whole-genome sequencing has provided an incredible new lens to understand the epidemiology of healthcare-associated infection and to better control and prevent these infections.

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“…A limited example of this was recently seen in a study of clinical and porcine isolates from Ireland. 15 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection prevention and control insights from a decade of pathogen whole-genome sequencing

Eyre

2022

Journal of Hospital Infection

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“…Minimum spanning trees (MST) were constructed using GrapeTree (33). Genetic clusters with potential epidemiological relevance, i.e., as potential short-term transmission, were defined at a SNP distance threshold of ≤ 2, as previously reported (30). Cluster metadata composition were retrieved using the ReporTree software (34) (https://github.…”

Section: Comparative Genomic Analysis and Phylogenymentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile in companion animals: Genetic overlap with human strains and public health concerns

Alves

Castro

Pinto

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionThe changing epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile reflects a well-established and intricate community transmission network. With rising numbers of reported community-acquired infections, recent studies tried to identify the role played by non-human reservoirs in the pathogen's transmission chain. This study aimed at describing the C. difficile strains circulating in canine and feline populations, and to evaluate their genetic overlap with human strains to assess the possibility of interspecies transmission.MethodsFecal samples from dogs (n = 335) and cats (n = 140) were collected from two populations (group A and group B) in Portugal. C. difficile isolates were characterized for toxigenic profile and PCR-ribotyping. The presence of genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance was assessed in all phenotypically resistant isolates. To evaluate the genetic overlap between companion animals and human isolates from Portugal, RT106 (n = 42) and RT014/020 (n = 41) strains from both sources were subjected to whole genome sequencing and integrated with previously sequenced RT106 (n = 43) and RT014/020 (n = 142) genomes from different countries. The genetic overlap was assessed based on core-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) using a threshold of 2 SNP.ResultsThe overall positivity rate for C. difficile was 26% (76/292) in group A and 18.6% (34/183) in group B. Toxigenic strains accounted for 50% (38/76) and 52.9% (18/34) of animal carriage rates, respectively. The most prevalent ribotypes (RT) were the toxigenic RT106 and RT014/020, and the non-toxigenic RT010 and RT009. Antimicrobial resistance was found for clindamycin (27.9%), metronidazole (17.1%) and moxifloxacin (12.4%), associated with the presence of the ermB gene, the pCD-METRO plasmid and point mutations in the gyrA gene, respectively. Both RT106 and RT014/020 genetic analysis revealed several clusters integrating isolates from animal and human sources, supporting the possibility of clonal interspecies transmission or a shared environmental contamination source.DiscussionThis study shows that companion animals may constitute a source of infection of toxigenic and antimicrobial resistant human associated C. difficile isolates. Additionally, it contributes with important data on the genetic proximity between C. difficile isolates from both sources, adding new information to guide future work on the role of animal reservoirs in the establishment of community associated transmission networks and alerting for potential public health risk.

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“…C. difficile was isolated from the intestinal contents of up to 28% in pigs, 9.9% in beef cattle and 5% in broiler chickens. Moreover, genomic overlap of RT078 isolates causing human and porcine infections provides evidence for plausible transmission either directly from animals (foodborne transmission) or by an intermediate source (Indra et al, 2009;Hopman et al, 2011;Moloney et al, 2021). For example, feces of colonized or infected animal can act as transmission routes for human infection.…”

Section: Livestock and Companion Animals As A Source Of C Difficilementioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridioides difficile infection: An emerging zoonotic disease

Pellissery¹,

Vinayamohan²,

Venkitanarayanan³

2022

Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

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Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming enteric pathogen of public health concern causing a toxin-mediated diarrhea in humans. In several countries, the bacterium has evolved as a hypervirulent, antibiotic-resistant pathogen with concerns for its nosomial and communityassocaited routes for disease transmission. Although the exact routes for community-associated infection have not been substantially elucidated, recent surveillance and genetic diversity analysis of community-borne isolates indicate for the potential spillover of the pathogen amongst the human, animal and environment interfaces. This review article highlights the importance of One Health approach for the control of C. difficile infection.

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Human and Porcine Transmission of Clostridioides difficile Ribotype 078, Europe

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Infection prevention and control insights from a decade of pathogen whole-genome sequencing

Infection prevention and control insights from a decade of pathogen whole-genome sequencing

Molecular epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile in companion animals: Genetic overlap with human strains and public health concerns

Clostridioides difficile infection: An emerging zoonotic disease

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