Human and rabbit eye responses to chemical insult

Freeberg, F. E.; Nixon, G.A.; Reer, Paul J.; Weaver, James E.; Bruce, Robert D.; Griffith, John F.; SANDERS, L.W.

doi:10.1016/0272-0590(86)90112-0

Cited by 100 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Additionally, for the LVET there is no forced blink following application, as in the Draize test. The LVET has been shown to predict better the ocular response occurring in humans (3)(4)(5)(6). Reduction of animal use has been through the development of various in vitro screening tests used in tier eye irritation assessment processes to make preliminary decisions and establish the direction for further testing (1,8,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to Understand the Pathology of Accidental Ocular Irritation

Maurer

Jester

1999

Toxicol Pathol

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to Understand the Pathology of Accidental Ocular Irritation

Maurer

Jester

1999

Toxicol Pathol

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“…Information regarding consumer use experience is important because animal tests, especially the Draize rabbit test, tend to ov-erpredict the human response (2,5,10). Information from repeated testing in animals, when available, provides better perspective than single test results because of the inherent variability of the test due to the subjective nature of the scoring system (2,8).…”

Section: Introduction Routine Animal Tests (Draize Test Low-volume Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Irritation: Pathological Changes Occurring in the Rat with Surfactants of Unknown Irritancy

1998

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We believe the development and validation of in vitrr, alternatives to eliminate the need to use animals in ocular irritation testing must be based on a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of ocular irritation. We have recently undertaken the task of developing such an understanding for a panel of surfactants. The purpose of this study was to expand our current panel of surfactants for which the microscopic changes occurring over time have been Characterized. Macroscopic and microscopic findings regarding the ocular irritation of 6 surfactants of relatively unknown irritancy were compared to those of 6 surfactants of known irritancy. The right eye of each rat was treated by placing 10 ~1 of a surfactant directly on the cornea. Untreated left eyes served as the controls. At 3 hr and on days 1, 3, and 35, eyes and eyelids were collected for microscopic examination. Collectively, the macroscopic and microscopic findings revealed 3 surfactants to be similar to the mildly irritating surfactants previously studied, and' 3 surfactants to be similar to the moderately irritating surfactant previously studied. Information such as this will be important to develop mechanistically based in rirro alternatives to replace the use of animals for ocular irritation testing.

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“…The LVET was used, in preference to the Draize test, because it is less stressful to rabbits and is more predictive of human ocular irritancy potential than the standard Draize procedure (9). Rats and rabbits were used because previous studies have suggested that the rat may be an appropriate alternative species to rabbits for studying mechanisms of eye irritation (24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to the Understanding of Surfactant-Induced Ocular Irritation*^{Oryzias latipes}

et al. 1996

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The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of in vivo confocal microscopy (CM) to provide noninvasively derived histopathologic correlates of surfactant-induced eye irritation from which specific pathologic mechanisms can be identified and later evaluated in alternative in vitro models. Rats and rabbits, divided into groups of 5, received 10 μl of an anionic or cationic surfactant in one eye with the other eye used as a control. At specified times, eyes were examined and scored for ocular irritancy using a penlight and slit-lamp. Subsequently, corneas were evaluated by in vivo CM to evaluate epithelial layer thickness and surface epithelial cell area, corneal thickness, depth of necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and endothelial injury. At 3 hr, the anionic surfactant produced slight irritation with peak scores of 12.4 and 8.0 out of a possible 110 in the rats and rabbits, respectively. In vivo CM revealed changes limited to the corneal epithelium that decreased in thickness to 78% in rats and 81% in rabbits at 3 hr. This decrease in the thickness correlated with a significant decrease in surface epithelial cell area from 2,061 & p l u s m n ; 395 μm 2 to 567 & p l u s m n ; 330 μm 2 in the rats and 1,523 ± 185 μm 2 to 934 ± 71 μm 2 in the rabbits (p < 0.005 and 0.005, respectively). The cationic surfactant produced severe irritation in both the rats and rabbits with peak scores of 85.4 and 80.2 occurring at day 2, respectively. In vivo CM in the rats showed complete loss of corneal epithelium, lysis of keratocytes, and loss of corneal endothelium. In the rabbits, injury appeared limited to the anterior cornea with complete loss of epithelium and loss of keratocytes extending to 52% of the corneal thickness. These findings establish the application of noninvasive, in vivo CM to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the pathobiology of ocular irritation in situ. This information will be important in the development and evaluation of mechanistically based in vitro alternatives for ocular irritancy testing.

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Human and rabbit eye responses to chemical insult

Cited by 100 publications

References 7 publications

Use of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to Understand the Pathology of Accidental Ocular Irritation

Use of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to Understand the Pathology of Accidental Ocular Irritation

Ocular Irritation: Pathological Changes Occurring in the Rat with Surfactants of Unknown Irritancy

Application of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to the Understanding of Surfactant-Induced Ocular Irritation*^{Oryzias latipes}

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Human and rabbit eye responses to chemical insult

Cited by 100 publications

References 7 publications

Use of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to Understand the Pathology of Accidental Ocular Irritation

Use of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to Understand the Pathology of Accidental Ocular Irritation

Ocular Irritation: Pathological Changes Occurring in the Rat with Surfactants of Unknown Irritancy

Application of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to the Understanding of Surfactant-Induced Ocular Irritation*Oryzias latipes

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Product

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About

Application of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to the Understanding of Surfactant-Induced Ocular Irritation*^{Oryzias latipes}