Human closed and open apex premolar teeth express different toll‐like receptor

Abstract

BackgroundThe innate immune activation which promotes inflammation responses in the dental pulp tissue leads to the progression of dentin caries. Accordingly, toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are key molecules of the innate immune system that identify pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on microorganisms and may have a critical role in a dental injury. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the expression of TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 in the human dental pulp of opened and closed apex teeth.MethodsHuman dental pulps were derived from the healthy opened and closed apex premolar, in which extraction was indicated for orthodontic reasons. The extraction of RNA was performed and the gene expression determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The result from real‐time PCR was confirmed using western blot analysis.ResultsReal‐time PCR data analysis showed that the expression TLR2 and TLR4 were significantly increased in closed apex premolar teeth compared to open apex teeth, whereas TLR3 expression was not significantly different in these two groups (p < .05).ConclusionThe results of the present study suggested increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 by the maturation of the apex, which may be due to the presence of microorganisms in the normal or destructed dental pulp tissue. Thus, identifying the expression of TLRs molecules in dental pulp tissue helps to develop a deeper knowledge of the immune responses in the oral cavity.

Innate immune sensing of nucleic acid in endodontic infection

“…TLR3 agonist (poly[I:C]) can augment the suppressive potential for T, B and NK cell responses of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from dental pulp and dental follicle and potentiated TGF‐β and IL‐6 secretions by these cells (Tomic et al, 2011; Waterman et al, 2010). However, it has also been shown that TLR3 expression did not change significantly with apex formation and closure of the apical foramen, whilst TLR2 and TLR4 expression increased, which may be due to the presence of microorganisms in pulp tissue (Jafari et al, 2020).…”

An Insight of Proanthocyanidin and Polyamidoamine-Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles as Biomaterial Candidate for Dentin regeneration in Dental Pulp Capping: A Narrative Review

“…This condition followed by disruption of cathepsin B and K and suppression of MMP-2/9 expression so the destruction process of the dentin and pulp is inhibited. [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] PA induces COL1A1 formation and cross-linking to dentin. COL1A1 is an organic material of dentin matrix.…”

Evaluation of rotary instruments with whipping motion in the biomechanical preparation of large root canals of young permanent teeth

“…Endodontic treatment planning of young permanent teeth is a challenging process and should be carried out with discretion [1][2][3], since they may have large root canal with thin dentinal walls, short roots, open apexes and, in most cases, extensive apical resorption [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. These factors can have direct impact on biomechanical preparation, cleaning and disinfection.…”

“…However, the literature has shown that the manual instruments used during the biomechanical preparation are incapable of touching all the large root canal walls. Moreover, they favour overinstrumentation when they are forcibly used against the thin walls, producing excessive wear with greater risk of deviations, perforations and root fractures, and increased risk of overinstrumentation [2, 3, 7–9, 10, 11, 14, 15], probably due to the large diameter, alloy composition and design of manual instruments.…”