Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Africa: a neglected but important pathogen

Bates, Matthew; Brantsæter, Arne Broch

doi:10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30456-8

Cited by 66 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Endemicity of HCMV infection is greatly influenced by environment, for which geographical location and ethnicity have been used as proxies. Generally speaking, HCMV seroprevalence increases with equatorial proximity, with the highest prevalence being reported in sub‐Saharan Africa 23 . Rates of HCMV infection in infants and children are also highest in these settings with between 83% and 98% of individuals becoming infected by the age of 14 years 23 .…”

Section: Nk Cell Differentiation Is Driven In Part By Hcmvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally speaking, HCMV seroprevalence increases with equatorial proximity, with the highest prevalence being reported in sub‐Saharan Africa 23 . Rates of HCMV infection in infants and children are also highest in these settings with between 83% and 98% of individuals becoming infected by the age of 14 years 23 . In a UK population, higher seroprevalence of HCMV (and, incidentally, herpes simplex virus, HSV) was observed in children of Asian heritage than amongst children of white British heritage raising the possibility that immune differentiation, and thus disease susceptibility or presentation, may vary amongst communities of differing ethnicity within the same geographical location 24 .…”

Section: Nk Cell Differentiation Is Driven In Part By Hcmvmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of the human NK cell compartment by pathogens and vaccines

Goodier

Riley

2021

Clin & Trans Imm

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Natural killer cells constitute a phenotypically diverse population of innate lymphoid cells with a broad functional spectrum. Classically defined as cytotoxic lymphocytes with the capacity to eliminate cells lacking self-MHC or expressing markers of stress or neoplastic transformation, critical roles for NK cells in immunity to infection in the regulation of immune responses and as vaccineinduced effector cells have also emerged. A crucial feature of NK cell biology is their capacity to integrate signals from pathogen-, tumor-or stress-induced innate pathways and from antigenspecific immune responses. The extent to which innate and acquired immune mediators influence NK cell effector function is influenced by the maturation and differentiation state of the NK cell compartment; moreover, NK cell differentiation is driven in part by exposure to infection. Pathogens can thus mould the NK cell response to maximise their own success and/or minimise the damage they cause. Here, we review recent evidence that pathogen-and vaccine-derived signals influence the differentiation, adaptation and subsequent effector function of human NK cells.

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Section: Nk Cell Differentiation Is Driven In Part By Hcmvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nk Cell Differentiation Is Driven In Part By Hcmvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of the human NK cell compartment by pathogens and vaccines

Goodier

Riley

2021

Clin & Trans Imm

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“…[19] A population-based study of 460 healthy infants in Zambia showed 83% CMV seroprevalence by 18 months of age. [20,21] Early infection (i.e. before reaching childbearing potential) could therefore explain the 100% prevalence in our study across age strata.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in Windhoek, Namibia, 2016

2019

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Background. Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) is high in developing countries. However, a pregnant woman's immunity does not necessarily protect her baby against congenital CMV infection. Objectives. To determine the seroprevalence of CMV among pregnant women attending a public antenatal clinic (Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia) and subsequently determine the risk of vertical transmission and congenital CMV infection. Methods. Blood samples and demographic information were collected from 344 pregnant women (age range 15-48 years). Serum was tested for anti-CMV IgG and IgM using an automated chemiluminescence assay, and an ELISA was used to assess specific IgG avidity. Fisher's exact test was used to determine associations among variables. Results. Seroprevalence of anti-CMV IgG was found to be 100% across the study population, with positive or grey-zone anti-CMV IgM results found in 11 women (3.2%). Specific IgG avidity was high in all cases. Neither maternal nor gestational age was positively associated with a positive or grey-zone IgM result. Parity was significantly associated with CMV IgM seroprevalence, with the highest level observed in women who had had one previous pregnancy. Conclusion. This was the first study to investigate seroprevalence of CMV in Namibia. Despite the high seroprevalence among pregnant women, the burden of congenital CMV infection may be carried by infants in the Namibian population. This may contribute to long-term disabilities, especially sensorineural hearing loss. Further studies are needed to determine the prevalence of congenital CMV in Namibia.

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“…However, in this country, the access to common treatments is not always available as a consequence of their high cost. Moreover, no routinely tests for HCMV infection are performed in most developing countries [ 6 ]. Due to these factors, the discovery of new treatments is essential, since new resistances are emerging in current treatments [ 7 – 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotechnology against human cytomegalovirus in vitro: polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers as antiviral agents

et al. 2021

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Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a worldwide infection, causing different troublesome in immunosupressed patients and very related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) infection, mainly in developing countries, with a co-infection rate of 80% in Africa. The high cost of present treatments and the lack of routinely tests in these countries urge the necessity to develop new molecules or strategies against HCMV. The new treatments should be low-cost and capable of avoiding the emerging problem of resistant virus. Nanoparticles play an important role in several viral infections. Our main focus is to study the potential activity of polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers (PDC), which are hyperbranched molecules with several sulfonate or sulfate groups in their periphery, against different viruses. Results We studied the activity of G1-S4, G2-S16 and G2-S24P PDCs in MRC-5 cell line against HCMV infection by several plaque reduction assays. Our results show that dendrimers present good biocompatibility at the concentrations tested (1–50 µM) for 6 days in cell culture. Interestingly, both G2-S16 and G2-S24P showed a remarked inhibition at 10 µM against HCMV infection. Results on attachment and virucidal assays indicated that the inhibition was not directed to the virus or the virus-cell attachment. However, results of time of addition, showed a longer lasting activity of these dendrimers in comparison to ganciclovir, and the combination of G2-S16 or G2-S24P with ganciclovir increases the HCMV inhibition around 90 %. Conclusions Nanotechnology, in particular polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers, have proved their potential application against HCMV, being capable of inhibiting the infection by themselves or enhancing the activity of ganciclovir, the actual treatment. These compounds represent a low-cost approach to fight HCMV infections.

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Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Africa: a neglected but important pathogen

Cited by 66 publications

References 90 publications

Regulation of the human NK cell compartment by pathogens and vaccines

Regulation of the human NK cell compartment by pathogens and vaccines

Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in Windhoek, Namibia, 2016

Nanotechnology against human cytomegalovirus in vitro: polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers as antiviral agents

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