Human Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Wearable Communications: A Review

Kim, Seungmo; Sharif, Yakub; Nasim, Imtiaz

doi:10.48550/arxiv.1912.05282

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…To analyze the human RF exposure on the internet of battlefield things one comprehensive analysis framework was provided where operating frequency is used as 60 GHz with a more directive antenna radiation pattern [34] [35]. An extensive review of SAR for different commercial wearable devices was provided where SAR comparison for the devices were shown at different carrier frequencies [36]. Here the current measurement methodologies for analyzing SAR were depicted along with the biological consequences from EMF exposure of wearable devices.…”

Section: Multi-hop Communications For Emf Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One easy way to reduce PD is to decrease transmission power or increase the spacing. A typical Tx power for a device that is portable is 23 dBm [36] (e.g., for Fitbit id XRAFB505 Tx power 15 dBm is used). Nonetheless, this power is not selected because there are no higher capacity, decent performance and long battery life amplifier.…”

Section: Proposed Protocol a Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mitigation of Human RF Exposure in Wearable Communications

Sharif¹,

Kim²

2020

Preprint

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A major concern regarding wearable communications is human biological safety under exposure to radio frequency (RF) radiation generated by wearable devices. The biggest challenge in the implementation of wearable devices is to reduce the usage of energy to minimize the harmful impacts of exposure to RF on human health. Power management is one of the key energy-saving strategies used in wearable networks. Signals enter the receiver (Rx) from a transmitter (Tx) through the human body in the form of electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation produced during the transmission of the packet. It may have a negative effect on human health as a result of specific absorption rate (SAR). SAR is the amount of radio frequency energy consumed by human tissue in mass units. The higher the body's absorption rate, the more radio frequency radiation. Therefore, SAR can be reduced by distributing the power over a greater mass or tissue volume equivalently larger. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.6-supported multi-hop topology is particularly useful for low-power embedded devices that can reduce consumption of energy by communicating to the receiver (Rx) through nearby transmitted devices. In this paper, we suggest a relaying mechanism to minimize the transmitted power and, as a consequence, the power density (PD), a measure of SAR.Index Terms-Wearable communications; Human RF exposure; SAR; PD; WBAN; multi-hop communications; 2.4 GHz • Second, using multi-hop communication in IEEE 802.15.6 standard the power density reduction by using a relaying method has been depicted.• Third, a new protocol has been proposed where the relay transmission power has been reduced to a certain extent so that the data rate ultimately becomes almost similar to that of direct connection without relay. II. RELATED WORKHuman EMF exposure in wireless communications garnered significant interest in recent literature. This section describes the state-of-the-art on characterization and reduction of EMF exposure in recent communications technologies. A. EMF Exposure in Recent Wireless TechnologiesNot only in wearable communications, other recent wireless technologies were also discussed on the human EMF exposure such as 5G [24]- [27]. The key finding from the prior works is that not only the uplink, but the downlink can also cause higher human EMF exposure compared to previous-generation. The

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Section: Multi-hop Communications For Emf Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proposed Protocol a Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of Human RF Exposure in Wearable Communications

Sharif¹,

Kim²

2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Wearable communications devices need to have a wide bandwidth to support Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies. It is acknowledged that such devices cause higher levels of specific absorption rate (SAR) at the skin surface [4]. Based on the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the IEEE C95.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metasurface-Inspired Flexible Wearable MIMO Antenna Array for Wireless Body Area Network Applications and Biomedical Telemetry Devices

et al. 2023

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This article presents a sub-6GHz ISM-band flexible wearable MIMO antenna array for wireless body area networks (WBANs) and biomedical telemetry devices. The array is based on metasurface inspired technology. The antenna array consists of 2×2 matrix of triangular-shaped radiation elements that were realized on 0.8 mm thick Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate. Radiation characteristics of the array are enhanced by isolating the surface current interaction between the individual radiators in the array. This is achieved by inserting an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) decoupling structure between the radiating elements. The radiating elements were transformed into a metasurface by etching sub-wavelength slots inside them. The periodic arrangement of slots acts like resonant scatterers that manipulate the electromagnetic response of the surface. Results confirm that by employing the decoupling structure and sub-wavelength slots the isolation between the radiators is significantly improved (>34.8 dB). Moreover, there is an improvement in the array's fractional bandwidth, gain and the radiation efficiency. The optimized array design for operation over 5.0-6.6 GHz has an average gain and efficiency of 10 dBi and 83%, respectively. Results show that the array's performance is not greatly affected by a certain amount of bending. In fact, the antenna maintains a gain between 8.65-10.5 dBi and the efficiency between 77-83%. The proposed MIMO antenna array is relatively compact, can be easily fabricated on one side of a dielectric material, allows easy integration with RF circuitry, is robust, and maintains its characteristics with some bending. These features make it suitable for various wearable applications and biomedical telemetry devices.INDEX TERMS On-body antennas, wearable antennas, flexible antennas, metasurface (MTS) antennas, electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) devices, biomedical telemetry devices, wireless body area network (WBAN), MIMO antenna array.

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“…To date, this technique is still theoretical. In practice, the breast phantom will be placed in the SAR measurement testing machine to calculate SAR maximum values and detect tumor location, as described in [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. After using the SAR testing, the phantom will be moved to the imaging system, where reconstructed images of tumor will be obtained by positioning antennas next tumor area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Approach of a Low-Cost UWB Microwave Imaging System with High Resolution Based on SAR and a New Fast Reconstruction Algorithm for Early-Stage Breast Cancer Detection

et al. 2022

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In this article, a new efficient and robust approach—the high-resolution microwave imaging system—for early breast cancer diagnosis is presented. The core concept of the proposed approach is to employ a combination of a newly proposed delay-and-sum (DAS) algorithm and the specific absorption rate (SAR) parameter to provide high image quality of breast tumors, along with fast image processing. The new algorithm enhances the tumor response by altering the parameter referring to the distance between the antenna and the tumor in the conventional DAS matrices. This adjustment entails a much clearer reconstructed image with short processing time. To achieve these aims, a high directional Vivaldi antenna is applied around a simulated hemispherical breast model with an embedded tumor. The detection of the tumor is carried out by calculating the maximum value of SAR inside the breast model. Consequently, the antenna position is relocated near the tumor region and is moved to nine positions in a trajectory path, leading to a shorter propagation distance in the image-creation process . At each position, the breast model is illuminated with short pulses of low power waves, and the back-scattered signals are recorded to produce a two-dimensional image of the scanned breast. Several simulations of testing scenarios for reconstruction imaging are investigated. These simulations involve different tumor sizes and materials. The influence of the number of antennas on the reconstructed images is also examined. Compared with the results from the conventional DAS, the proposed technique significantly improves the quality of the reconstructed images, and it detects and localizes the cancer inside the breast with high quality in a fast computing time, employing fewer antennas.

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Human Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Wearable Communications: A Review

Cited by 3 publications

References 56 publications

Mitigation of Human RF Exposure in Wearable Communications

Mitigation of Human RF Exposure in Wearable Communications

Metasurface-Inspired Flexible Wearable MIMO Antenna Array for Wireless Body Area Network Applications and Biomedical Telemetry Devices

A Novel Approach of a Low-Cost UWB Microwave Imaging System with High Resolution Based on SAR and a New Fast Reconstruction Algorithm for Early-Stage Breast Cancer Detection

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