Human Health Risk Assessment Applied to Rural Populations Dependent on Unregulated Drinking Water Sources: A Scoping Review

Ford, Lorelei; Bharadwaj, Lalita; McLeod, Lianne; Waldner, Cheryl L.

doi:10.3390/ijerph14080846

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Water quality is defined in terms of three key quality parameters namely, physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics [30]. A less common but important parameter is the radiological characteristics [31]. In regards to the physicochemical parameters, there are five parameters that are essential and impacts life (both flora and or fauna) within the aquatic systems [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The quality of drinking and domestic water from the surface water sources (lakes, rivers, irrigation canals and ponds) and springs in cholera prone communities of Uganda: an analysis of vital physicochemical parameters

et al. 2020

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Background: Water is the most abundant resource on earth, however water scarcity affects more than 40% of people worldwide. Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right and is a United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6. Globally, waterborne diseases such as cholera are responsible for over two million deaths annually. Cholera is a major cause of ill-health in Africa and Uganda. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the surface and spring water in cholera endemic communities of Uganda in order to promote access to safe drinking water. Methods: A longitudinal study was carried out between February 2015 and January 2016 in cholera prone communities of Uganda. Surface and spring water used for domestic purposes including drinking from 27 sites (lakes, rivers, irrigation canal, springs and ponds) were tested monthly to determine the vital physicochemical parameters, namely pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity. Results: Overall, 318 water samples were tested. Twenty-six percent (36/135) of the tested samples had mean test results that were outside the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended drinking water range. All sites (100%, 27/27) had mean water turbidity values greater than the WHO drinking water recommended standards and the temperature of above 17°C. In addition, 27% (3/11) of the lake sites and 2/5 of the ponds had pH and dissolved oxygen respectively outside the WHO recommended range of 6.5-8.5 for pH and less than 5 mg/L for dissolved oxygen. These physicochemical conditions were ideal for survival of Vibrio. cholerae.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The quality of drinking and domestic water from the surface water sources (lakes, rivers, irrigation canals and ponds) and springs in cholera prone communities of Uganda: an analysis of vital physicochemical parameters

et al. 2020

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“…An average man (of 53 kg to 63 kg b.wt. ), requires about 3 L of water in liquid and food daily to keep healthy 4 . This fact accounts for why water is regarded as one of the most indispensable substances in life and like air, it is most abundant 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leachates Impact Assessment of Well Waters Surrounding the Upstream and Downstream of Abattoir

Olusola-Ma¹

2023

J. of Applied Sciences

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Background and Objective: Abattoir effluent, high in organic and inorganic matter, is known to have direct and indirect effects on water sources surrounding it. Thus, the quality of well water samples surrounding upstream and downstream of Onyearugbulem abattoir were investigated. Materials and Methods: The pre-surveillance study was carried out using the questionnaire method. Physico-chemical properties and bacteriological counts of well water samples were done using standard methods. Results: The pH downstream were slightly acidic with values ranging from 6.7-6.9 compared to 6.9-7.3 obtained from wells upstream. The temperature of water upstream and downstream ranged from 26-30EC. Both the temperature and pH upstream and downstream corroborates with WHO standard (30-32 and 6.5-8.5EC) for drinking water. The total bacteriological counts were higher downstream with about 2.0×10 4 CFU mLG 1 as against the WHO limit of 1.0×10 2 CFU mLG 1 . Conclusion: High concentration for most parameters especially the bacteria count is an indication of point pollution use through the affluent and non-point pollution from other domestic activities like washing of clothes and defecation in the area. This study provided an explicit revelation of pathogenic microorganisms in some of the wells located downstream of Onyearugbulem abattoir, resulting from the improper treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater discharge which pose a public health problem and environmental hazard to the residents of this community.

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“…The rapid movement of water from the surface to underground and the short water retention time allows for the easy transfer of pollutants and favors the alteration of the water quality [ 2 ]. Waters with unknown or inappropriate quality may be used as drinking waters sources by local communities, especially in remote rural areas [ 7 ]. Regardless of the socio-economic status, country, or region, communities reliant on drinking water with unknown quality may be susceptible to an increased health risk due to a lack of awareness and false perception of the existing hazards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk Assessment in Southern Carpathians Small Rural Communities Using Karst Springs as a Drinking Water Source

Moldovan

Török

Mirea

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The chemical quality of waters from eight karst springs from the Southern Carpathians and the health risk of small rural communities using these springs as a drinking water source were assessed. The results indicated that the spring waters in the studied area are chemically suitable to be used as drinking water and pose no health risks for adults and children. The spring water can be generally described as having circumneutral pH, Ca-Mg-HCO3− facies, excellent to good palatability, and low trace metal and nitrate content. The variation of chemical parameters between spring and autumn was low. These springs could become appropriate drinking water sources for the neighboring rural communities after the assessment of their microbiological status and, if it is the case, proper water treatment. Moreover, periodic monitoring of the water’s chemical parameters, mostly nitrates, as well as the establishment of a protected area near the springs to prevent the negative impact of anthropogenic sources on water quality is recommended.

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Human Health Risk Assessment Applied to Rural Populations Dependent on Unregulated Drinking Water Sources: A Scoping Review

Cited by 16 publications

References 108 publications

The quality of drinking and domestic water from the surface water sources (lakes, rivers, irrigation canals and ponds) and springs in cholera prone communities of Uganda: an analysis of vital physicochemical parameters

The quality of drinking and domestic water from the surface water sources (lakes, rivers, irrigation canals and ponds) and springs in cholera prone communities of Uganda: an analysis of vital physicochemical parameters

Leachates Impact Assessment of Well Waters Surrounding the Upstream and Downstream of Abattoir

Health Risk Assessment in Southern Carpathians Small Rural Communities Using Karst Springs as a Drinking Water Source

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