Human health risk assessment for heavy metals via intake of contaminated milk and milk products

Abstract

The present study was conducted to assess the risk of human health against heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd) through the intake of milk and milk products produced by animals which are feeding the fodder produced by polluted irrigation water. The milk samples contained amounts of Fe (10.43 ppm) Cu (1.23 ppm), Mn(0.60 ppm ), Zn (2.32),Cr (0.05 ppm), Ni (0.17 ppm) Pb (0.28 ppm ) and Cd (0.13 ppm ) than MAL in buffaloes milk and Ni (0.16 ppm ) and Pb (0.41 ppm) than MAL in cow milk. The milk samples from the small animals (goat) were associated with only Fe (11.24ppm,), Zn (2.47 ppm ), Cr (0.07 ppm) and Pb (0.05 ppm) than maximum allowable limit. The hazardous quotient (HQ) indicated that milks from all types of animals were contaminated with metals. From the results the hazardous quotient (HQ) indicated that higher risk for Pb and Cd (>1) metals contamination in buffalo and cow milk. However HI (2 to 14) for all studied milk sample was found to be not safe. Females are at somewhat higher risk than males. This study projected a high multi-metal threat due to food chain contamination in the study area.

Macro-micro elements distribution, nutritional value and age-based risk assessment of branded liquid and powder milks available in Dhaka, Bangladesh

“…Likewise, borderline metals are unlikely to cause signi cant health consequences if they exceed the allowed limit of 1000, 28.0, 80.0, and 200 (µg/200 mL) for Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn respectively [25]. It was discovered that 19% and 27% for Fe, 100 and 63% for Mn, nil (0%) and 23% for Cu, 94% and nil (0%) for Zn of liquid and powder milk samples, respectively, were above the threshold level.…”

“…Figure 4 shows the EDIs of ve hazardous and four borderline metals/metalloids (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) estimated for different age groups (Six groups: ≤3, 3 < X ≤ 14, 14 < X ≤ 20, 20 < X ≤ 40, 40 < X ≤ 60, and > 60) for average and maximum consumption by male and female category de ned by JECFA, 2003. The provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) of toxic metals Pb, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg were 6.30E-04, 8.30E-04, 8.00E-03, 3.00E-03, and 2.30E-04 (mg/kg), respectively, [13,26] and the recommended daily allowance (mg/kg) for borderline metals of was accounted for Fe (male-8.00, female-18.0), Zn (male-11.0, female-8.00), Cu (male & female-0.90), and Mn (male-2.30 and female-1.80) [25,39]. The EDI of all borderline metals was less than the daily limit in both the milk category and for all age groups of male and female through the intake of average or maximum amount while the EDI of toxic metals/metalloids exceeded the MDTI, particularly at the early age group and for the female group (for average or maximum intake).…”