Human implicit memory for irrelevant dimension values is similar to rats’ incidental memory in simultaneous discrimination tasks

Intrinsic brain abnormalities in young healthy adults with childhood trauma: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study of regional homogeneity and functional connectivity

“…The final region we found to show altered brain activity was the insula. The insula has been demonstrated to be involved in face recognition, tactile recognition and working memory in some studies (Reed and Means, 2004). In a previous study for patients with PTSD, volume reduction in bilateral insula was found to be associated with declarative memory deficits; meanwhile, decreased activation in the insula when performing word encoding and retrieval tasks was revealed as well in the same sample (Chen et al, 2009).…”

On the historical and conceptual background of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

“…Maes, Damen, and Eling (2004), Maes, Vich, and Eling (2006) have replicated this finding. Moreover, Reed and Means (2004) found that participants, performing a category-learning task, responded slower on successive trials when the value of task-irrelevant stimulus dimensions changed, relative to when these values did not change across trials. Interestingly, this manipulation of task-irrelevant dimension values affected task performance without the participants having any explicit memory for these values.…”

Insular cortex involvement in declarative memory deficits in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder

“…It processes sensory input in all modalities: gustatory, olfactory, auditory, visual and somatosensory [ 1 , 2 ]. Although IC is considered primarily as a taste area and is involved in conditional taste aversion and taste recognition, some studies demonstrated the involvement of IC in face recognition, tactile recognition and working memory[ 3 , 4 ]. Results of two animal studies also suggest that the IC is involved in declarative memory.…”