Human-in-Loop: A Review of Smart Manufacturing Deployments

Abstract

The recent increase in computational capability has led to an unprecedented increase in the range of new applications where machine learning can be used in real time. Notwithstanding the range of use cases where automation is now feasible, humans are likely to retain a critical role in the operation and certification of manufacturing systems for the foreseeable future. This paper presents a use case review of how human operators affect the performance of cyber–physical systems within a ’smart’ or ’cognitive’ setting. Such applications are classified using Industry 4.0 (I4.0) or 5.0 (I5.0) terminology. The authors argue that, as there is often no general agreement as to when a specific use case moves from being an I4.0 to an I5.0 example, the use of a hybrid Industry X.0 notation at the intersection between I4.0 and I5.0 is warranted. Through a structured review of the literature, the focus is on how secure human-mediated autonomous production can be performed most effectively to augment and optimise machine operation.

Industry 4.0 and Sustainability Integration in the Supply Chains of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises through People, Process, and Technology within the Triple Bottom Line Perspective

“…Finally, sustainability has become more important in the scenario of the implementation of I4.0 in the supply chains of MSMEs. However, this can be even more impactful when the visions projected for I5.0 or Society 5.0 are considered [48,50], as well as the growing importance given by public and private markets to the UN's sustainable development goals [53], or by the unique situation with exceptional resources in periods of global crises, framed by the hostile scenario of the pandemic and negative post-pandemic projections [56]. Therefore, more research should be conducted towards deepening the understanding of indicators of the barriers and enablers targeted in this research to support MSMEs and their supply chains in achieving a new level of operation that can enable these new visions and challenges.…”

“…Organizations must be aware of aspects related to the negative impacts of the sustainable adoption of I4.0 and take measures to mitigate them throughout their respective supply chains [46]. Recently, the concept of Industry 5.0 (I5.0) emerged and is paired with with Society 5.0, which emphasizes people within the concept of I4.0, moving towards human-centricity, and includes human-in-loop, which is associated with the idea of a superintelligent society [47][48][49][50]. When we also insert the context of sustainability in I5.0, the role of the industry goes beyond its efficiency and improvement in productivity; in practice, it strengthens the role of the industry as a fundamental contributor to the development of society [46].…”

Risk Analysis of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine with a Multilayer Concept of System Order

“…One explanation does not fit all [56]. Moreover, having a human in the loop [57] is important for AI prediction verification and to facilitate effective collaboration and partnership between humans and AI. In healthcare, AI is typically used by experts as a decision-support system.…”

Design and Operation of a GPT-powered Smart Manufacturing System

“…However, the role of humans has been emphasized in Industry 5.0. Research has been done on how to construct a cyber-physical system with human in the loop and a human-AI or human-machine collaborative team to maximize efficiency (Bhattacharya et al 2023;Endsley 2022;Jiao et al 2020).…”