Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus re-emerges in China in winter 2013

Chen, E.; Chen, Y.; Fu, Lin; Chen, Z.; Gong, Zhenyu; Mao, Haiyan; Wang, D.; Ni, Michael Y.; Wu, Peng; Zhao, Yu; He, Tingting; Li, Z.; Gao, Jian; Liu, S.; Shu, Yang; Cowling, BJ; Xia, Shichang; Yu, Hongjie

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.43.20616

Cited by 64 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…However, it is not clear which species of birds are most likely to be infected and are shedding levels of virus sufficient to infect humans. The lack of understanding of the virus ecology in birds has recently resulted in an additional number of human cases, demonstrating that the virus still circulates in China (11). Based on the initial reports of this virus and previous experience with avian influenza, we evaluated the potential role of different poultry species in the epidemiology of H7N9 influenza.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Poultry in the Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China

Pantin‐Jackwood

Miller

Spackman

et al. 2014

J Virol

136

145

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The recent outbreak of H7N9 influenza in China has resulted in many human cases with a high fatality rate. Poultry are the likely source of infection for humans on the basis of sequence analysis and virus isolations from live bird markets, but it is not clear which species of birds are most likely to be infected and shedding levels of virus sufficient to infect humans. Intranasal inoculation of chickens, Japanese quail, pigeons, Pekin ducks, Mallard ducks, Muscovy ducks, and Embden geese with 10 6 50% egg infective doses of the A/Anhui/1/2013 virus resulted in infection but no clinical disease signs. Virus shedding was much higher and prolonged in quail and chickens than in the other species. Quail effectively transmitted the virus to direct contacts, but pigeons and Pekin ducks did not. In all species, virus was detected at much higher titers from oropharyngeal swabs than cloacal swabs. The hemagglutinin gene from samples collected from selected experimentally infected birds was sequenced, and three amino acid differences were commonly observed when the sequence was compared to the sequence of A/Anhui/1/2013: N123D, N149D, and L217Q. Leucine at position 217 is highly conserved for human isolates and is associated with ␣2,6-sialic acid binding. Different amino acid combinations were observed, suggesting that the inoculum had viral subpopulations that were selected after passage in birds. These experimental studies corroborate the finding that certain poultry species are reservoirs of the H7N9 influenza virus and that the virus is highly tropic for the upper respiratory tract, so testing of bird species should preferentially be conducted with oropharyngeal swabs for the best sensitivity. IMPORTANCEThe recent outbreak of H7N9 influenza in China has resulted in a number of human infections with a high case fatality rate. The source of the viral outbreak is suspected to be poultry, but definitive data on the source of the infection are not available. This study provides experimental data to show that quail and chickens are susceptible to infection, shed large amounts of virus, and are likely important in the spread of the virus to humans. Other poultry species can be infected and shed virus but are less likely to play a role of transmitting the virus to humans. Pigeons were previously suggested to be a possible source of the virus because of isolation of the virus from several pigeons in poultry markets in China, but experimental studies show that they are generally resistant to infection and are unlikely to play a role in the spread of the virus. O n 1 April 2013, the People's Republic of China reported the first 3 human cases of a novel H7N9 subtype of influenza A virus. Over the subsequent days, the number of confirmed cases ballooned to over 82, with over 17 fatalities occurring in 6 different provinces (1). Sequence analysis of the virus showed the H7 and N9 genes to be those of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of Eurasian lineage, but at only 95% similarity to other isolates in the public sequence databa...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Poultry in the Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China

Pantin‐Jackwood

Miller

Spackman

et al. 2014

J Virol

136

145

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“…Pan et al [22] analyzed the outbreak pattern of H7N9 epidemic empirically, and found that the space-time networks among the connected cities were distributed along the time sequence of the outbreak, which revealed that some areas in eastern China had higher non-uniform distribution risk of Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Chen et al [4] believed that enhanced monitoring of humans and animals could ensure early detection and diagnosis of suspected cases, while the closure of live poultry markets also could reduce the risk of disease. Ai et al [3] used conditional logistic regression factor analysis in cases and control, and found that H7N9 virus infection was significantly related with the live poultry exposure, the chronic medical conditions and related environmental exposure.…”

Section: Research Status Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Han et al [13] analyzed the relationship between Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Huzhou city and the exposure of live poultry, and found that there was an obvious epidemiological link between them. In addition, the closure of live poultry markets and the suspension of live poultry trading were effective measures to control the spread of the H7N9 virus in the high-incidence areas, which could significantly reduce the incidence of outbreaks [2], and the live poultry markets infected by H7N9 virus were the most likely source of the epidemic [4,6,10].…”

Section: Research Status Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Review of Human Infections with Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in China

Dong¹

2017

Advances in Computer Science Research

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Abstract. The emergence of H7N9 virus attracted worldwide concerns about the possibility of a new influenza pandemic in March 2013, and the human cases were mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas in China, and the winter-spring season was the peak period for human infection with H7N9 virus. The studies on Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus at present are mainly divided into three categories: gene research, animal model research, outbreak simulation and risk prediction model research. The former two kinds of studies can provide lots of useful information on the mechanisms of H7N9 virus and the principles of infection, and the third kind of research can provide scientific basis and information decision-making tool for the prevention and monitoring of Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. The impacts of environmental factors on H7N9 outbreak should be taken into account in the future study, and the closure of live poultry market as well as the suspension of live poultry trading should be vigorously pursued to control the spread of H7N9 epidemic in the high incidence areas in China.

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“…It was reported that 1 L of serosanguineous fluid was drained from his chest upon autopsy. In 2013, another avian IAV emerged in Southeast Asia; this time an H7N9 virus (12,13,141,144). The histopathology was similar to H5N1; severe pneumonia, diffuse alveolar damage, and epithelial necrosis were common features of infection with both viruses (12,13).…”

Section: Continuing Emergence Of Avian Iavmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The histopathology was similar to H5N1; severe pneumonia, diffuse alveolar damage, and epithelial necrosis were common features of infection with both viruses (12,13). Patients infected with either virus had high levels of CXCL10, CCL2, IL-6, and CXCL8 in the plasma and displayed peripheral blood leukopenia and neutrophilia (10,14,92,141,142,144). There were slightly more bacterial co-infections in cases of H7N9 compared to H5N1 avian IAV (12,13,92).…”

Section: Continuing Emergence Of Avian Iavmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical insights into the pathogenesis of clinical isolates of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus in mouse and ferret models.

Camp¹,

Jeremy²

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Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus re-emerges in China in winter 2013

Cited by 64 publications

References 8 publications

Role of Poultry in the Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China

Role of Poultry in the Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China

Research Review of Human Infections with Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in China

Critical insights into the pathogenesis of clinical isolates of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus in mouse and ferret models.

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