Abstract:Cholesterol esterase-like (CE) activity from saliva and esterase from cariogenic bacteria hydrolyze ester linkages of dental methacrylate resins. Collagenolytic, matrix metalloproteinase-like (MMP) activities from dentin and bacteria degrade collagen in demineralized tooth dentin. Human neutrophils in the oral cavity contain factors that are hypothesized to have CE and MMP activities that could contribute to the degradation of methacrylate resins and dentinal collagen. Objectives: To measure the CE and MMP act… Show more
“…For PnAMA biodegradation, the esterase hydrolytic attack to cleave the side groups must be the first step. This activity on PnAMA has been observed in neutrophils and S. mutans UA159 (Gitalis et al 2019;Huang et al 2018). After that, a PAA-like compound with methyl substituents attached to some carbons will be produced.…”
Section: Fungal Enzymesmentioning
confidence: 77%
“…3a ). Enzymatic activities such as amidases, nitrile-degrading enzymes, esterases, and lipases have been responsible for AP side group modifications (Tauber et al 2000 ; Mahalik and Madras 2005 ; Fischer-Colbrie et al 2006 ; Zhao et al 2019 ; Gitalis et al 2019 : Huang et al 2018 ). Fig.…”
Section: Enzymatic Activities and Pathways Involved In Microbial Ap Dmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In other work, esterase activity was detected when the biodegradability of fiberglass acrylic composite filters made of poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyvinyl alcohol, PMA, and PEA by two Trichoderma harzianum strains was analyzed (Sein et al 2009 ). Studies on biodegradation of dental composites have shown that neutrophils in the oral cavity contain cholesterol esterase-like activities that could contribute to the degradation of methacrylate resins (Gitalis et al 2019 ). Recently, studies on biodegradation of a methacrylate restoration tooth composite have shown that an esterase (SMU_118c) of Streptococcus mutans UA159, an etiological agent in dental caries, is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of the resinous matrix of polymerized composites and adhesives by overexpression of the esterase gene (Huang et al 2018 ).…”
Section: Enzymatic Activities and Pathways Involved In Microbial Ap Dmentioning
Acrylic polymers (AP) are a diverse group of materials with broad applications, frequent use, and increasing demand. Some of the most used AP are polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylates, and polyacrylonitrile. Although no information for the production of all AP types is published, data for the most used AP is around 9 MT/year, which gives an idea of the amount of waste that can be generated after products' lifecycles. After its lifecycle ends, the fate of an AP product will depend on its chemical structure, the environmental setting where it was used, and the regulations for plastic waste management existing in the different countries. Even though recycling is the best fate for plastic polymer wastes, few AP can be recycled, and most of them end up in landfills. Because of the pollution crisis the planet is immersed, setting regulations and developing technological strategies for plastic waste management are urgent. In this regard, biotechnological approaches, where microbial activity is involved, could be attractive eco-friendly strategies. This mini-review describes the broad AP diversity, their properties and uses, and the factors affecting their biodegradability, underlining the importance of standardizing biodegradation quantification techniques. We also describe the enzymes and metabolic pathways that microorganisms display to attack AP chemical structure and predict some biochemical reactions that could account for quaternary carbon-containing AP biodegradation. Finally, we analyze strategies to increase AP biodegradability and stress the need for more studies on AP biodegradation and developing stricter legislation for AP use and waste control.
Key points• Acrylic polymers (AP) are a diverse and extensively used group of compounds.• The environmental fates and health effects of AP waste are not completely known.• Microorganisms and enzymes involved in AP degradation have been identified.• More biodegradation studies are needed to develop AP biotechnological treatments.
“…For PnAMA biodegradation, the esterase hydrolytic attack to cleave the side groups must be the first step. This activity on PnAMA has been observed in neutrophils and S. mutans UA159 (Gitalis et al 2019;Huang et al 2018). After that, a PAA-like compound with methyl substituents attached to some carbons will be produced.…”
Section: Fungal Enzymesmentioning
confidence: 77%
“…3a ). Enzymatic activities such as amidases, nitrile-degrading enzymes, esterases, and lipases have been responsible for AP side group modifications (Tauber et al 2000 ; Mahalik and Madras 2005 ; Fischer-Colbrie et al 2006 ; Zhao et al 2019 ; Gitalis et al 2019 : Huang et al 2018 ). Fig.…”
Section: Enzymatic Activities and Pathways Involved In Microbial Ap Dmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In other work, esterase activity was detected when the biodegradability of fiberglass acrylic composite filters made of poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyvinyl alcohol, PMA, and PEA by two Trichoderma harzianum strains was analyzed (Sein et al 2009 ). Studies on biodegradation of dental composites have shown that neutrophils in the oral cavity contain cholesterol esterase-like activities that could contribute to the degradation of methacrylate resins (Gitalis et al 2019 ). Recently, studies on biodegradation of a methacrylate restoration tooth composite have shown that an esterase (SMU_118c) of Streptococcus mutans UA159, an etiological agent in dental caries, is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of the resinous matrix of polymerized composites and adhesives by overexpression of the esterase gene (Huang et al 2018 ).…”
Section: Enzymatic Activities and Pathways Involved In Microbial Ap Dmentioning
Acrylic polymers (AP) are a diverse group of materials with broad applications, frequent use, and increasing demand. Some of the most used AP are polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylates, and polyacrylonitrile. Although no information for the production of all AP types is published, data for the most used AP is around 9 MT/year, which gives an idea of the amount of waste that can be generated after products' lifecycles. After its lifecycle ends, the fate of an AP product will depend on its chemical structure, the environmental setting where it was used, and the regulations for plastic waste management existing in the different countries. Even though recycling is the best fate for plastic polymer wastes, few AP can be recycled, and most of them end up in landfills. Because of the pollution crisis the planet is immersed, setting regulations and developing technological strategies for plastic waste management are urgent. In this regard, biotechnological approaches, where microbial activity is involved, could be attractive eco-friendly strategies. This mini-review describes the broad AP diversity, their properties and uses, and the factors affecting their biodegradability, underlining the importance of standardizing biodegradation quantification techniques. We also describe the enzymes and metabolic pathways that microorganisms display to attack AP chemical structure and predict some biochemical reactions that could account for quaternary carbon-containing AP biodegradation. Finally, we analyze strategies to increase AP biodegradability and stress the need for more studies on AP biodegradation and developing stricter legislation for AP use and waste control.
Key points• Acrylic polymers (AP) are a diverse and extensively used group of compounds.• The environmental fates and health effects of AP waste are not completely known.• Microorganisms and enzymes involved in AP degradation have been identified.• More biodegradation studies are needed to develop AP biotechnological treatments.
“…Of these enzymes, MMP-8 (collagenase-2) and MMP-9 (gelatinase B) degrade native type I collagen and several ECM proteins [Uitto et al, 2003], respectively. Recently, generic MMP, gelatinase, MMP-2, MMP-9, collagenase, MMP-1, and MMP-8 activities from human neutrophils were identified [Gitalis et al, 2019]. The low level of gelatinolytic activity observed in the C group (i.e., caries lesions only) could be attributed to the small sizes of the caries lesions achieved after 24 h of exposure to S. mutans biofilm combined with the test's sensitivity limits.…”
The role of the host immune system in caries progression is mainly speculative, and it is believed that it entails the enzymatic degradation of the dentin organic matrix. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proteolytic effect of human neutrophil enzymes on root caries progression. For this, specimens of bovine root dentin were divided into 4 groups (<i>n</i> = 30): caries (C), caries + neutrophils (C + N), no caries (Control), and no caries + neutrophils (Control + N). <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> biofilm (10<sup>5</sup> CFU/mL) was grown on the root surface to artificially induce root carious lesions (C and C + N groups). Specimens were then exposed to neutrophils (5 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL) for 48 h (C + N and Control + N groups). Caries development and neutrophil exposures were repeated a 2nd and 3rd time. Caries depth (CD) and dentin demineralization (DD) were assessed by infiltration of rhodamine B using fluorescence microscopy. Collagen fibril ultrastructure was characterized under a polarized microscope with Picrosirius red staining. There were no significant differences (<i>p</i> > 0.05) in CD and DD between the C and C + N groups for 1, 2, and 3 caries-neutrophil exposures. Immature collagen was significantly less present in the carious groups (C, <i>p</i> = 0.003; C + N, <i>p</i> = 0.01) than in the noncarious groups in the most superficial 200 µm. We thus concluded that human neutrophil enzymes did not influence short-term root caries progression, and immature collagen fibrils were more susceptible to degradation during <i>S. mutans</i>-induced root caries progression.
“…Peripheral immune system response has been studied extensively for implanted bio-materials at various body sites. Examples include tooth composites (Gitalis et al, 2019), inguinal hernia repair (Heymann et al, 2019), and cardiac stents and pacemaker leads (Slee et al, 2016). Studies have also been extended to less well-studied immune reactivity in response to CNS neural-electronic implant devices.…”
Evolving technologies and increasing understanding of human physiology over the past century have afforded our ability to intervene on human diseases using implantable bio-materials. These bio-electronic devices present a unique challenge through the creation of an interface between the native tissue and implantable bio-materials: the generation of host immune response surrounding such devices. While recent developments in cancer immunology seek to stimulate the immune system against cancer, successful long-term application of implantable bio-material devices need to durably minimize reactive immune processes at involved anatomical sites. Peripheral immune system response has been studied extensively for implanted bio-materials at various body sites. Examples include tooth composites (
Gitalis et al., 2019
), inguinal hernia repair (
Heymann et al., 2019
), and cardiac stents and pacemaker leads (
Slee et al., 2016
). Studies have also been extended to less well-studied immune reactivity in response to CNS neural-electronic implant devices. Recent technological advances in 2-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy (2P-LSM) have allowed novel insights into
in vivo
immune response in a variety of tissue microenvironments. While imaging of peripheral tissues has provided an abundance of data with regards to immune cell dynamics, central nervous system (CNS) imaging is comparatively complicated by tissue accessibility and manipulation. Despite these challenges, the results of dynamic intravital neuro-immune imaging thus far have provided foundational insights into basic CNS biology. Utilizing a combination of intravital and
ex vivo
2P-LSM, we have observed novel pathways allowing immune cells, stromal cells, cancer cells and proteins to communicate between the CNS parenchyma and peripheral vasculature. Similar to what has been reported in the intestinal tract, we have visualized myeloid cells extend dendritic processes across the blood brain barrier (BBB) into pial blood vessels. Furthermore, transient vessel leaks seen during systemic inflammation provide opportunities for cellular protein to be exchanged between the periphery and CNS. These insights provide new, visual information regarding immune surveillance and antigen presentation within the CNS. Furthermore, when combining intravital 2P-LSM and microfluidic devices complexed with mathematical modeling, we are gaining new insights into the intravascular behavior of circulating immune cells. This new knowledge into the basic mechanisms by which cells migrate to and interact with the CNS provide important considerations for the design of neuro-electronic biomaterials that have the potential to connect the peripheral-neural microenvironments into a unique, artificial interface.
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