Human Perception Measures for Product Design and Development—A Tutorial to Measurement Methods and Analysis

Hatzfeld, Christian; Kühner, Manuel; Söllner, Stefan; Khanh, Tran Quoc; Kupnik, Mario

doi:10.3390/mti1040028

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In the first experiment, a transformed staircase methodology [ 41 ] is used with a three up and one down scheme so that we can evaluate the 79% voltage threshold [ 42 ] for the user to feel the actuator. During the study, users are asked whether they can feel a 2 Hz signal from the actuator.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Multimode Hydraulically Amplified Electrostatic Actuators for Wearable Haptics

2020

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The sense of touch is underused in today’s virtual reality systems due to lack of wearable, soft, mm‐scale transducers to generate dynamic mechanical stimulus on the skin. Extremely thin actuators combining both high force and large displacement are a long‐standing challenge in soft actuators. Sub‐mm thick flexible hydraulically amplified electrostatic actuators are reported here, capable of both out‐of‐plane and in‐plane motion, providing normal and shear forces to the user’s fingertip, hand, or arm. Each actuator consists of a fluid‐filled cavity whose shell is made of a metalized polyester boundary and a central elastomer region. When a voltage is applied to the annular electrodes, the fluid is rapidly forced into the stretchable region, forming a raised bump. A 6 mm × 6 mm × 0.8 mm actuator weighs 90 mg, and generates forces of over 300 mN, out‐of‐plane displacements of 500 µm (over 60% strain), and lateral motion of 760 µm. Response time is below 5 ms, for a specific power of 100 W kg−1. In user tests, human subjects distinguished normal and different 2‐axis shear forces with over 80% accuracy. A flexible 5 × 5 array is demonstrated, integrated in a haptic sleeve.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Multimode Hydraulically Amplified Electrostatic Actuators for Wearable Haptics

2020

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“…In classical psychophysics, the stimuli can be introduced to the participant in several ways: the method of limits that increases the magnitude of a stimulus until a specific response is reached; the method of constant stimuli in which the stimuli are introduced in a random or balanced order; and the method of adjustment, in which the participant adjusts the stimulus magnitude to a certain detection level, or to match another stimulus. Thresholds can also be estimated using adaptive staircase procedures, in which changes to the stimulus are made according to the participant's previous response(s), thus allowing the progressive and specific testing of a particular threshold [25,26]. The establishment of the detection threshold can either be in its absolute state, showing the minimum magnitude of a stimulus required to elicit a positive response, or as a differential threshold, which denotes the minimum difference between stimuli for them to be perceived as different [24].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Framework and Methods for the Assessment of Skin Wetness Sensing in Humans

Merrick¹,

Ackerley²,

Filingeri³

2023

Neuromethods

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The study of the human ability to both detect the presence and estimate the amount of wetness on the skin has grown in scientific interest over the last century, due the implication of wetness in comfort and skin health. In 1900, Bentley demonstrated that skin wetness is detected based on touch and temperature stimuli combining to produce sensations of liquidity, and that wetness perception increases with cold touch. It has since been demonstrated that, in the absence of a skin hygroreceptor (i.e., wetness receptor), the biophysical effects of moisture on the skin -conductive heat transfer and mechanical interaction -excite specific cutaneous mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors. The resulting afferent signals are centrally integrated to generate our perception of skin wetness. As well as providing a theoretical foundation for the understanding of this aspect of somatosensation, these insights have helped develop a methodological framework for the study of human skin wetness sensing, which relies on assessing the independent and interactive effects of thermo-tactile stimulation of the skin in the presence of a liquid. This chapter will provide an overview of the experimental framework and methods available to evaluate the biophysical and psychophysical responses to controlled dry and wet stimuli applied to skin, and the resulting wetness perception. We will use example scenarios of skin-moisture interactions (e.g., arising from contact with a wet surface or from sweat production), to critically evaluate the methods, noting their accuracy, reliability and efficiency, and discuss their inherent limitations and commonly encountered difficulties. It is hoped that these considerations will guide and further develop research of this relatively littleinvestigated, yet fundamental, aspect of somatosensation.

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Experimental framework and methods for the assessment of skin wetness sensing in humans

Merrick¹,

Ackerley²,

Filingeri³

2022

Preprint

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The study of the human ability to both detect the presence and estimate the amount of wetness on the skin has grown in scientific interest over the last century, due the implication of wetness in comfort and skin health. In 1900, Bentley demonstrated that skin wetness is detected based on touch and temperature stimuli combining to produce sensations of liquidity, and that wetness perception increases with cold touch. It has since been demonstrated that, in the absence of a skin hygroreceptor (i.e., wetness receptor), the biophysical effects of moisture on the skin – conductive heat transfer and mechanical interaction – excite specific cutaneous mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors. The resulting afferent signals are centrally integrated to generate our perception of skin wetness. As well as providing a theoretical foundation for the understanding of this aspect of somatosensation, these insights have helped develop a methodological framework for the study of human skin wetness sensing, which relies on assessing the independent and interactive effects of thermo-tactile stimulation of the skin in the presence of a liquid. This chapter will provide an overview of the experimental framework and methods available to evaluate the biophysical and psychophysical responses to controlled dry and wet stimuli applied to skin, and the resulting wetness perception. We will use example scenarios of skin-moisture interactions (e.g., arising from contact with a wet surface or from sweat production), to critically evaluate the methods, noting their accuracy, reliability and efficiency, and discuss their inherent limitations and commonly encountered difficulties. It is hoped that these considerations will guide and further develop research of this relatively little-investigated, yet fundamental, aspect of somatosensation.

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Human Perception Measures for Product Design and Development—A Tutorial to Measurement Methods and Analysis

Cited by 3 publications

References 47 publications

Multimode Hydraulically Amplified Electrostatic Actuators for Wearable Haptics

Multimode Hydraulically Amplified Electrostatic Actuators for Wearable Haptics

Experimental Framework and Methods for the Assessment of Skin Wetness Sensing in Humans

Experimental framework and methods for the assessment of skin wetness sensing in humans

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