Human perception of water appearance

Smith, David G.; Croker, Glenys F.; McFarlane, Kay

doi:10.1080/00288330.1995.9516637

Cited by 70 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…[2] Suspended particulate mass (SPM) in natural waters affects a variety of processes. It can block light, smother organisms living on the seabed, transport particle-attached contaminants, and degrade the aesthetics of coastal waters [e.g., Smith et al, 1995;Moore et al, 1997;Santschi et al, 1997;Fabricius and Wolanski, 2000]. Long, high-resolution time series of directly measured SPM are desirable due to the high frequency and episodic nature of SPM variability, yet they are not practical to assemble because of the substantial time and labor required to measure SPM directly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of the sensitivity of beam attenuation to particle size in a coastal bottom boundary layer

Hill¹,

Boss²,

Newgard³

et al. 2011

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the aggregated state of natural marine particles constrains the sensitivity of optical beam attenuation to particle size. An instrumented bottom tripod was deployed at the 12-m node of the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory to monitor particle size distributions, particle size-versus-settlingvelocity relationships, and the beam attenuation coefficient (c p ) in the bottom boundary layer in September 2007. An automated in situ filtration system on the tripod collected 24 direct estimates of suspended particulate mass (SPM) during each of five deployments. On a sampling interval of 5 min, data from a Sequoia Scientific LISST 100x Type B were merged with data from a digital floc camera to generate suspended particle volume size distributions spanning diameters from approximately 2 mm to 4 cm. Diameter-dependent densities were calculated from size-versus-settling-velocity data, allowing conversion of the volume size distributions to mass distributions, which were used to estimate SPM every 5 min. Estimated SPM and measured c p from the LISST 100x were linearly correlated throughout the experiment, despite wide variations in particle size. The slope of the line, which is the ratio of c p to SPM, was 0.22 g m −2 . Individual estimates of c p :SPM were between 0.2 and 0.4 g m −2 for volumetric median particle diameters ranging from 10 to 150 mm. The wide range of values in c p :SPM in the literature likely results from three factors capable of producing factor-of-two variability in the ratio: particle size, particle composition, and the finite acceptance angle of commercial beam-transmissometers.Citation: Hill, P. S., E. Boss, J. P. Newgard, B. A. Law, and T. G. Milligan (2011), Observations of the sensitivity of beam attenuation to particle size in a coastal bottom boundary layer,

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of the sensitivity of beam attenuation to particle size in a coastal bottom boundary layer

Hill¹,

Boss²,

Newgard³

et al. 2011

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Solid particles in the water column can facilitate the transport of both organic and inorganic toxins (Tessier, 1992), and represents an important pathway in the global geochemical cycle (Walling and Fang, 2003). Suspended solids in lakes and streams diminish their aesthetic and recreational value for human beings (Smith et al, 1995a(Smith et al, , 1995bSmith and Davies-Colley, 1992). Municipal water treatment is also negatively impacted by the presence of excessive solid material in the source water.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

From Agricultural Intensification to Conservation: Sediment Transport in the Raccoon River, Iowa, 1916–2009

Jones

Schilling

2011

J of Env Quality

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Fluvial sediment is a ubiquitous pollutant that negatively affects surface water quality and municipal water supply treatment. As part of its routine water supply monitoring, the Des Moines Water Works (DMWW) has been measuring turbidity daily in the Raccoon River since 1916. For this study, we calibrated daily turbidity readings to modern total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations to develop an estimation of daily sediment concentrations in the river from 1916 to 2009. Our objectives were to evaluate long-term TSS patterns and trends, and relate these to changes in climate, land use, and agricultural practices that occurred during the 93-yr monitoring period. Results showed that while TSS concentrations and estimated sediment loads varied greatly from year to year, TSS concentrations were much greater in the early 20th century despite drier conditions and less discharge, and declined throughout the century. Against a backdrop of increasing discharge in the Raccoon River and widespread agricultural adaptations by farmers, sediment loads increased and peaked in the early 1970s, and then have slowly declined or remained steady throughout the 1980s to present. With annual sediment load concentrated during extreme events in the spring and early summer, continued sediment reductions in the Raccoon River watershed should be focused on conservation practices to reduce rainfall impacts and sediment mobilization. Overall, results from this study suggest that efforts to reduce sediment load from the watershed appear to be working.

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“…There are several studies that analyse people's perception of water quality in the context of, for example, drinking water [11,13,[37][38][39][40], lifestyle disruption and recreational activities [28,41], surface water sources in different water usage situations [4,[42][43][44], and agricultural water usage [26,[45][46][47]. Water-related risk perception and the perception of water quality are integrally connected [11,13].…”

Section: Factors Affecting People's Perception Of Water Quality and Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers’ Perception of Water Quality and Risks in the Mashavera River Basin, Georgia: Analyzing the Vulnerability of the Social-Ecological System through Community Perceptions

et al. 2018

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Competing natural resources usage that leads to dramatic land use changes can threaten the balance of a social-ecological system. When this is the case, communities are directly exposed to the negative consequences of those land use changes. The Mashavera River Basin is considered one of the hotspots of environmental pollution in Georgia. This is of importance for public health because the food production from this basin meets a substantial proportion of the country’s food demand. The farmers’ perception of the water quality and their perceived risks to the economy, health, and lifestyle reflect the status of the environmental and social conditions. The inclusion of farmers’ risk perceptions is an important stage of water quality governance that could enable active civic participation. The approach of this research study was the convergence model in the triangular design of the mixed method approach. As part of the social data, the research study was conducted with a survey of 177 households, for which agriculture was either a main or partial source of income. A few focus group discussions were also conducted. A binary logistic regression analysis was employed as the main method for the analysis. The results from the pollution load index (PLI) were used as the supportive data to verify some geospatial hypotheses. We found that aesthetic attributes (i.e., color changes observed in the river) and the source of the water contamination (i.e., mining sites) were the main predictor variables for a perceived risk to water quality, health, and livelihoods. The people who work in agriculture as the main income source had more concern about their ability to sell their agricultural products as a result of water contamination in the river, compared with people for whom agriculture is a secondary source of income or for self-consumption. Age, amount of land, years of agricultural experience, and the source of water supply for agriculture did not have a significant effect on any of the risk perception or water quality perception models. The results indicate that the health risk is perceived more strongly in areas with more heavily contaminated water compared to less polluted areas. We propose that conducting a public risk perception assessment is an ideal means to detect people’s concerns regarding water quality governance for future risk analysis in Georgia. Another recommendation of this study is an integrated model of risk assessment that combines the results from a public risk perception assessment and a technical assessment. The benefits of such an integrated assessment include finding new hazard-sensitive areas for further analysis, the possibility to cross-check data for verification, communal communication of hazardous conditions by utilizing local knowledge, and the direct participation of the community in monitoring risks.

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Human perception of water appearance

Cited by 70 publications

References 13 publications

Observations of the sensitivity of beam attenuation to particle size in a coastal bottom boundary layer

Observations of the sensitivity of beam attenuation to particle size in a coastal bottom boundary layer

From Agricultural Intensification to Conservation: Sediment Transport in the Raccoon River, Iowa, 1916–2009

Farmers’ Perception of Water Quality and Risks in the Mashavera River Basin, Georgia: Analyzing the Vulnerability of the Social-Ecological System through Community Perceptions

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