Human Rabies — Utah, 2018

Peterson, Dallin; Barbeau, Bree; McCaffrey, Keegan; Gruninger, Randon; Eason, Jeffrey; Burnett, Cindy; Dunn, Angela; Dimond, Melissa; Harbour, Jesse; Rossi, Alessandro; Lopansri, Bert K.; Dascomb, Kristin; Scribellito, Tara; Moosman, TaLeah; Saw, Louise; Jones, C.B.; Belenky, Michael; Marsden, Lily; Niezgoda, Michael; Gigante, Crystal M.; Condori, Rene Edgar; Ellison, James A.; Orciari, Lillian A.; Yager, Pamela A.; Bonwitt, Jesse; Whitehouse, Erin; Wallace, Ryan M.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6905a1

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Such anthropogenic facets have undoubtedly played a critical part since canine domestication to the present, given historical interdependence, translocations, and close animal–human bonds 1 , 2 , 84 . This increasing integration of classical epidemiological methodology with modern diagnostics, molecular techniques, health economics, or modeling approaches has provided key insights into applied rabies dynamics, improved prophylaxis, cost-effective prevention, and multi-species control strategies 2 , 59 , 98 – 110 ( Table 3 ).…”

Section: Epizootiological Insightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on lyssaviruses and rabies: will past progress play as prologue in the near term towards future elimination?

Rohde

Rupprecht²

2020

Fac Rev

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Rabies is an ancient, much-feared, and neglected infectious disease. Caused by pathogens in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus, and distributed globally, this viral zoonosis results in tens of thousands of human fatalities and millions of exposures annually. All mammals are believed susceptible, but only certain taxa act as reservoirs. Dependence upon direct routing to, replication within, and passage from the central nervous system serves as a basic viral strategy for perpetuation. By a combination of stealth and subversion, lyssaviruses are quintessential neurotropic agents and cause an acute, progressive encephalitis. No treatment exists, so prevention is the key. Although not a disease considered for eradication, something of a modern rebirth has been occurring within the field as of late with regard to detection, prevention, and management as well as applied research. For example, within the past decade, new lyssaviruses have been characterized; sensitive and specific diagnostics have been optimized; pure, potent, safe, and efficacious human biologics have improved human prophylaxis; regional efforts have controlled canine rabies by mass immunization; wildlife rabies has been controlled by oral rabies vaccination over large geographic areas in Europe and North America; and debate has resumed over the controversial topic of therapy. Based upon such progress to date, there are certain expectations for the next 10 years. These include pathogen discovery, to uncover additional lyssaviruses in the Old World; laboratory-based surveillance enhancement by simplified, rapid testing; anti-viral drug appearance, based upon an improved appreciation of viral pathobiology and host response; and improvements to canine rabies elimination regionally throughout Africa, Asia, and the Americas by application of the best technical, organizational, economic, and socio-political practices. Significantly, anticipated Gavi support will enable improved access of human rabies vaccines in lesser developed countries at a national level, with integrated bite management, dose-sparing regimens, and a 1 week vaccination schedule.

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Section: Epizootiological Insightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on lyssaviruses and rabies: will past progress play as prologue in the near term towards future elimination?

Rohde

Rupprecht²

2020

Fac Rev

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“…On November 7, 2018, the Utah Department of Health (UDOH) reported the first confirmed human rabies death in the state since 1944 (1). The case occurred in a person who had been treated over a period of 19 days at four health care facilities and an emergency medical transport service across three counties and two states.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Online Risk Assessment To Identify Rabies Exposures Among Health Care Workers — Utah, 2019

Whitehouse¹,

Peterson²,

McCaffrey³

et al. 2020

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2019

Monroe

Wallace

et al. 2021

javma

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OBJECTIVE To provide epidemiological information on animal and human cases of rabies occurring in the United States during 2019 and summaries of 2019 rabies surveillance for Canada and Mexico. ANIMALS All animals submitted for laboratory diagnosis of rabies in the United States during 2019. PROCEDURES State and territorial public health departments and USDA Wildlife Services provided data on animals submitted for rabies testing in the United States during 2019. Data were analyzed temporally and geographically to assess trends in domestic and wildlife rabies cases. RESULTS During 2019, 53 jurisdictions submitted 97,523 animal samples for rabies testing, of which 94,770 (97.2%) had a conclusive (positive or negative) test result. Of these, 4,690 tested positive for rabies, representing a 5.3% decrease from the 4,951 cases reported in 2018. Texas (n = 565 [12.0%]), New York (391 [8.3%]), Virginia (385 [8.2%]), North Carolina (315 [6.7%]), California (276 [5.9%]), and Maryland (269 [5.7%]) together accounted for almost half of all animal rabies cases reported in 2019. Of the total reported rabid animals, 4,305 (91.8%) were wildlife, with raccoons (n = 1,545 [32.9%]), bats (1,387 [29.6%]), skunks (915 [19.5%]), and foxes (361 [7.7%]) as the primary species confirmed with rabies. Rabid cats (n = 245 [5.2%]) and dogs (66 [1.4%]) accounted for > 80% of rabies cases involving domestic animals in 2019. No human rabies cases were reported in 2019. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The overall number of animal rabies cases decreased from 2018 to 2019. Laboratory diagnosis of rabies in animals is critical to ensure that human rabies postexposure prophylaxis is administered judiciously.

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Human Rabies — Utah, 2018

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Update on lyssaviruses and rabies: will past progress play as prologue in the near term towards future elimination?

Update on lyssaviruses and rabies: will past progress play as prologue in the near term towards future elimination?

Evaluation of Online Risk Assessment To Identify Rabies Exposures Among Health Care Workers — Utah, 2019

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2019

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