Human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses in influenza-like illness in Latin America

Abstract

BackgroundHuman rhinoviruses (HRVs) belong to the Picornaviridae family with high similarity to human enteroviruses (HEVs). Limited data is available from Latin America regarding the clinical presentation and strains of these viruses in respiratory disease.MethodsWe collected nasopharyngeal swabs at clinics located in eight Latin American countries from 3,375 subjects aged 25 years or younger who presented with influenza-like illness.ResultsOur subjects had a median age of 3 years and a 1.2:1.0 male:female ratio. HRV was identified in 16% and HEV was identified in 3%. HRVs accounted for a higher frequency of isolates in those of younger age, in particular children < 1 years old. HRV-C accounted for 38% of all HRVs detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high proportion of recombinant strains between HRV-A/HRV-C and between HEV-A/HEV-B. In addition, both EV-D68 and EV-A71 were identified.ConclusionsIn Latin America as in other regions, HRVs and HEVs account for a substantial proportion of respiratory viruses identified in young people with ILI, a finding that provides additional support for the development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines targeting these pathogens.

Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses: Molecular Epidemiology of the Most Influenza-Like Illness Associated Viruses in Senegal

“…9,38,39 HRVs and HEVs were detected more frequently in children aged < 5 year (35.4% and 21.2%, respectively). These results are in concordance with those of other studies, which concluded that children of 5 years of age or younger had a higher risk of infection by HRV and HEV, 9,40 although the risk is slighter lower for HEV. Feikin and others (2013) studied Kenyan children under 5 years of age, who had severe acute respiratory infection (SARI).…”

“…46,47 A more recent study from Latin America shows that HRV and HEV circulate regularly all year long, but show greater activity during the rainy season. 9 Findings from temperate regions show an increase in HRV/ HEV activity during the summer, 48 peaking from July until the beginning of the fall, followed by a slow decline. However, monitoring must continue for several years if we are to provide a more detailed analysis of the seasonality of these viruses in a sub-Saharan context.…”

“…9 Indeed, HRV and HEV were identified in 16% (548/3,375) and 3% (84/3,375) of ILI cases, respectively. A study from Gabon, reported that 12.3% (128/ 1,041) of ILI cases were infected with HEV and 7.8% (81/ 1,041) with HRV.…”

“…Among these, human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and human enteroviruses (HEVs) are recognized as leading causes of RTIs [7][8][9][10] and are responsible for 60.5% of microbiologically unexplained acute RTI diagnosed in hospitalized pediatric cases. 10 HRVs and HEVs belong to the Picornaviridae family and exhibit high genomic similarity.…”

Enterovirus D68 Infection, Chile, Spring 2014

“…This species has adapted to urban areas, occupying roofs, ceilings, and other human constructions, and often coexists with other bat species and humans (2), enabling epidemiologic risks (3). In recent studies, an alphacoronavirus has been detected in urban bat species Molossus molossus, M. rufus, and Tadarida brasiliensi in Brazil (4,5).…”