Human skin permittivity determined by millimeter wave reflection measurements

Алексеев, С. И.; Ziskin, Marvin C.

doi:10.1002/bem.20308

Cited by 169 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…The skin in the first model and the deepest layer in each of the other 2 models had semi-infinite thicknesses. [Alekseev and Ziskin, 2007] were also valid for the entire 30-300 GHz range.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Millimeter wave dosimetry of human skin

Алексеев

Radzievsky

Logani

et al. 2007

Bioelectromagnetics

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To identify the mechanisms of biological effects of mm waves it is important to develop accurate methods for evaluating absorption and penetration depth of mm waves in the epidermis and dermis. The main characteristics of mm wave skin dosimetry were calculated using a homogeneous unilayer model and two multilayer models of skin. These characteristics included reflection, power density (PD), penetration depth (delta), and specific absorption rate (SAR). The parameters of the models were found from fitting the models to the experimental data obtained from measurements of mm wave reflection from human skin. The forearm and palm data were used to model the skin with thin and thick stratum corneum (SC), respectively. The thin SC produced little influence on the interaction of mm waves with skin. On the contrary, the thick SC in the palm played the role of a matching layer and significantly reduced reflection. In addition, the palmar skin manifested a broad peak in reflection within the 83-277 GHz range. The viable epidermis plus dermis, containing a large amount of free water, greatly attenuated mm wave energy. Therefore, the deeper fat layer had little effect on the PD and SAR profiles. We observed the appearance of a moderate SAR peak in the therapeutic frequency range (42-62 GHz) within the skin at a depth of 0.3-0.4 mm. Millimeter waves penetrate into the human skin deep enough (delta = 0.65 mm at 42 GHz) to affect most skin structures located in the epidermis and dermis.

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“…The skin in the first model and the deepest layer in each of the other 2 models had semi-infinite thicknesses. [Alekseev and Ziskin, 2007] were also valid for the entire 30-300 GHz range.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…To fit the experimental reflection data, Alekseev and Ziskin [2007] applied several multilayer skin models. The forearm and palm data were used to model the skin with thin and thick stratum corneum (SC), respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter wave dosimetry of human skin

Алексеев

Radzievsky

Logani

et al. 2007

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…The levels of emissivity and reflectivity are determined by the relative complex permittivity of a medium, and these have been measured for human skin in the microwave and MMW frequency bands at specific frequencies and over limited number of participants and measurement locations by using an open ended coaxial probe in contact with the human body [22,30,[41][42][43]. Due to the limited measured data, different theoretical models are often used to predict the relative complex permittivity of the skin, such as the Cole-Cole model and Debye model [43][44][45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Owda

Salmon

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

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Abstract-Due to changes in global security requirements attention is turning to new means by which anomalies on the human body might be identified. For security screening systems operating in the millimeter wave band anomalies can be identified by measuring the emissivities of subjects. As the interaction of millimeter waves with the human body is only a fraction of a millimeter into the skin and clothing has a small, but known effect, precise measurement of the emission and reflection of this radiation will allow comparisons with the norm for that region of the body and person category. A technique to measure the human skin emissivity in vivo over the frequency band 80 GHz to 100 GHz is developed and described. The mean emissivity values of the skin of a sample of 60 healthy participants (36 males and 24 females) measured using a 90 GHz calibrated radiometer were found to range from 0.17±0.005 to 0.68±0.005. The lower values of emissivity are a result of measuring particularly thin skin on the inner wrist, volar side of the forearm, and back of hand, whereas higher values of emissivity are results of measuring thick skin on the outer wrist, dorsal surface of the forearm, and palm of hand. The mean differences in the emissivity between Asian and European male participants were calculated to be in the range of 0.04 to 0.11 over all measurement locations. Experimental measurements of the emissivity for male and female participants having normal and high body mass index indicate that the mean differences in the emissivity are in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 for all measurement locations. These results show the quantitative variations in the skin emissivity between locations, gender, and individuals. The mean differences in the emissivity values between dry and wet skin on the palm of hand and back of hand regions were found to be 0.143 and 0.066 respectively. These results confirm that radiometry can, as a non-contact method, identify surfaces attached to the human skin in tens of seconds. These results indicate a route to machine anomaly detection that may increase the through-put speed, the detection probabilities and reduce the false alarm rates in security screening portals.

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“…EM fields depend not only on the strength and frequency of the external fields because of several dispersion mechanisms affecting human tissues, but also on the shape, size and electrical characteristics of the body and the orientation of the body in relation to the external fields [21][22][23]. EM field and its biological effects depend on the energy absorbed and the ability to heat human tissues.…”

Section: Dielectric Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SAR and temperature vary with the parts of the body and location of the source that is exposed to the electromagnetic (EM) radiation [20]. Therefore, for better understanding the interactions between the human body and antennas with a wireless device, such as a headphone, laptops and other wireless devises at the intended position, the antennas with wireless devices need to be characterized on skin-equivalent phantom models [16,22,23]. This paper focuses on the performance analysis of SAR distributions and temperature elevation for SIW based ALTSA using EM solver tool, Ansys's HFSS and experiments with Infrared Thermal Camera.…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigations of Sar Distributions and Temperature Elevation on Human Body at 60 GHZ With Corrugated Antipodal Linear Tapered Slot Antenna

Shrivastava¹,

Rao²

2017

PIER M

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Abstract-New generation wireless communications are expected to provide new services over the existing variety of wireless applications in the coming years. In this perspective, advances in utilization of computational electromagnetics (EM) and millimeter-waves (mmW) frequency bands make them as candidates for ultra-high-resolution and ultra-high-speed wireless communications. With the deployment of mmW wireless technologies, brinks of potential mmW induced biological and health effects should be evaluated carefully. The EM exposure is usually measured in terms of absorbed power from any user operating wireless devices. The exposure varies with the part of the body and location of the source that is exposed to the radio frequency waves. The purpose of this study is to observe EM exposure in terms of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and temperature elevations at mmWs from the designed Antipodal Linear Tapered Slot Antenna (ALTSA) at 60 GHz on different body parts utilizing EM computations and experiments with Infrared Thermal Camera.

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Human skin permittivity determined by millimeter wave reflection measurements

Cited by 169 publications

References 53 publications

Millimeter wave dosimetry of human skin

Millimeter wave dosimetry of human skin

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Investigations of Sar Distributions and Temperature Elevation on Human Body at 60 GHZ With Corrugated Antipodal Linear Tapered Slot Antenna

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