Human space exploration – From surviving to performing

Clément, Gilles; Bukley, Angelia P.

doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.04.002

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…American billionaire Dennis Tito on April 30, 2001, made history by becoming the first space tourist in the world (Cater, 2010). Using a Russian spacecraft, Soyus, he toured space for eleven days and stayed at the International Space Station (ISS) (Clément & Bukley, 2014;Woffinden & Geller, 2007) (O 'Sullivan, 2016). This phenomenal expedition received extensive coverage by various media and proved that space is now a new goal that can be developed in the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liability of launching state on space tourism

Mulyana,

Raodah

2023

EAEBJOL

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Current use of space as one of the economic factors supporting the country’s economic has experienced a very significant increase. The Treaty Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty 1967) stipulate that every activity carried out in space must be in accordance with the United Nations charter and must always maintain peace and security. one of the developing commercial activities is space tourism. This research is a normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The technique of gathering legal material is carried out by reviewing related literature and analyzing various legal references relevant to the problem under study for further analysis qualitatively and descriptively. This article will examine in depth related to whether the existing space law conventions are still relevant to regulating space tourism activities nowadays? And how the launcher state liability in the event of space tourism accidents?. This article conclude that some the existing space law conventions are still relevant to regulating space tourism activities nowadays. And the launcher state liability are divided into two aspects. Based on liability convention and warswa convention. This is because space tourism activity use two types of aerospace.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liability of launching state on space tourism

Mulyana,

Raodah

2023

EAEBJOL

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“…Humanity's deeply rooted quest to explore and push the boundaries was boosted further by the Moon-landing. Since the purpose of the early missions was simply surviving, space exploration has evolved to living and working up to performing valuable scientific research in such a harsh environment [1]. Remarkable progress has been made from suborbital to orbital flights, as well as by gradually extending the duration of the missions from minutes to months and their complexity [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of Antimicrobial Drug Molecules in Different Gravitational and Radiation Conditions in View of Applications during Outer Space Missions

et al. 2021

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The evolution of different antimicrobial drugs in terrestrial, microgravity and hypergravity conditions is presented within this review, in connection with their implementation during human space exploration. Drug stability is of utmost importance for applications in outer space. Instabilities may be radiation-induced or micro-/hypergravity produced. The antimicrobial agents used in space may have diminished effects not only due to the microgravity-induced weakened immune response of astronauts, but also due to the gravity and radiation-altered pathogens. In this context, the paper provides schemes and procedures to find reliable ways of fighting multiple drug resistance acquired by microorganisms. It shows that the role of multipurpose medicines modified at the molecular scale by optical methods in long-term space missions should be considered in more detail. Solutions to maintain drug stability, even in extreme environmental conditions, are also discussed, such as those that would be encountered during long-duration space exploratory missions. While the microgravity conditions may not be avoided in space, the suggested approaches deal with the radiation-induced modifications in humans, bacteria and medicines onboard, which may be fought by novel pharmaceutical formulation strategies along with radioprotective packaging and storage.

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“…The nature of manned spaceflight has quite clearly changed over time, and will continue to evolve in the future. In 2014, Clément and Bukley published a simple analysis of the number and duration of human spaceflights, although they did not account for possible differences due to the demographics of individual astronauts [2]. Also in 2014, Goel et al reported that female astronauts performing spaceflights to the ISS between 1998-2013 were less likely to have military training, less likely to have children, and fewer children in total, than males [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief history of spaceflight from 1961 to 2020: An analysis of missions and astronaut demographics

2020

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Human spaceflight and the characteristics of people who become astronauts have changed over time. Here we present an analysis of n=1,265 manned spaceflights by n=562 astronauts from 1961-2020 to investigate historical trends over time and between space agencies in terms of astronaut demographics and spaceflight duration. Generalized linear models and generalized linear mixed models were implemented with adjustments for all available demographic data as covariates. Women continue to be underrepresented as astronauts, and were younger, had fewer children, and were less likely to have a military background than their male counterparts. Astronaut age has increased over time, although this increase was significant only for first-time spaceflights. The proportion of astronauts from civilian backgrounds has generally increased over time, although there is evidence this trend may be reversing. Spaceflight duration has increased over time, and has been longest for ROSCOSMOS cosmonauts and shortest for Chinese taikonauts. There were also differences between space agencies in terms of astronaut demographics, particularly between NASA and ROSCOSMOS, with first-time NASA astronauts more likely to be women, civilian and older than first-time ROSCOSMOS cosmonauts. As humankind embarks on exploration-class missions back to the lunar surface and then onward to Mars, and with new nations and commercial entities entering the international space community, the nature of spaceflight, and the diversity of the astronauts, will continue to evolve.

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Human space exploration – From surviving to performing

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Liability of launching state on space tourism

Liability of launching state on space tourism

Stability of Antimicrobial Drug Molecules in Different Gravitational and Radiation Conditions in View of Applications during Outer Space Missions

A brief history of spaceflight from 1961 to 2020: An analysis of missions and astronaut demographics

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